scholarly journals Strategic Culture, Identity and the Shaping of Security Policy: A Comparative Study of Australia and New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Marcelina Mastalerz
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
The Pacific

<p>This thesis seeks to explain the roots of security thinking in Australia and New Zealand and what it argues has been a gradual divergence in the two countries' approaches to defence issues. Drawing upon constructivist international relations theory, it highlights the importance of ideational rather than material influences on policy formulation. It focuses on two key variables: strategic culture and identity, arguing that they provide significant clues as to the varying threat perceptions, policy preferences and the domestic values that underpin thinking on security matters in these two countries. By tracing the evolution of Australian and New Zealand defence policies over a long historical timeframe, the study identifies persistent cultural norms and preferences that explain policies seemingly difficult to reconcile with a materialist understanding of world politics. After providing a detailed comparison of the influences on defence thinking in each country, the study compares Australian and New Zealand perspectives on regional security in the Pacific and the rationales given for participating in the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) in 2003. This thesis concludes that compared to a materialist approach, an examination which includes ideational variables such as strategic culture and identity better explains why the two countries have pursued divergent security paths and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the logic shaping thinking on defence issues in these two states.</p>

scholarly journals Strategic Culture, Identity and the Shaping of Security Policy: A Comparative Study of Australia and New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Marcelina Mastalerz
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
The Pacific

<p>This thesis seeks to explain the roots of security thinking in Australia and New Zealand and what it argues has been a gradual divergence in the two countries' approaches to defence issues. Drawing upon constructivist international relations theory, it highlights the importance of ideational rather than material influences on policy formulation. It focuses on two key variables: strategic culture and identity, arguing that they provide significant clues as to the varying threat perceptions, policy preferences and the domestic values that underpin thinking on security matters in these two countries. By tracing the evolution of Australian and New Zealand defence policies over a long historical timeframe, the study identifies persistent cultural norms and preferences that explain policies seemingly difficult to reconcile with a materialist understanding of world politics. After providing a detailed comparison of the influences on defence thinking in each country, the study compares Australian and New Zealand perspectives on regional security in the Pacific and the rationales given for participating in the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) in 2003. This thesis concludes that compared to a materialist approach, an examination which includes ideational variables such as strategic culture and identity better explains why the two countries have pursued divergent security paths and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the logic shaping thinking on defence issues in these two states.</p>

scholarly journals AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE PACIFIC: REFLECTIONS ON PEACEKEEPING IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA (BOUGAINVILLE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isiaka Alani Badmus
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Key Factor

This paper examined conflicts and regional security in the Pacific. The paper has as its focus the roles of Australia and New Zealand (and the Pacific Islands Forum) in managing security in the Pacific using Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) and the Solomon Islands as case studies. It documented their peacekeeping experiences, and interrogated whether these operations were successes or not and why. Furthermore, the author explored whether the peacekeeping experiences in the Pacific and lessons learnt from these operations might be applicable to, and/or be helpful in developing a useful peacekeeping model for other regions. The argument of this paper is that, although Australia and New Zealand regional security management role is based on security concerns of the region but the national interests of these dominant states are also at play and a key factor that shape the nature and direction of interventions. As well, the dynamics of these operations have revolved around interaction between and among local, regional and global political factors. The author argued that peacekeeping in the Pacific (especially in Bougainville and the Solomon Islands) may not offer an appropriate peacekeeping model in such-conflict ridden settings as Africa where armed violence are more complex, protracted and involve full-scale military actions as opposed to low-intensity and localised conflicts in the Pacific, but some of the peacekeeping lessons from the region may be helpful to other peace operations, especially Peacekeeping the 'Pacific Way'.     

scholarly journals The Evolution of International Policing in the Pacific: a Critical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Bronwin M. Boswell
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Growing Body

<p>I have been involved in policing and crime prevention for many years. I was a sworn member of Victoria Police (Australia), a crime prevention coordinator in a New Zealand community, and am currently employed by New Zealand Police (NZP). My interest in international policing grew as I realised more and more police were serving in a number of roles overseas. At first, I thought this a nice departure from normal duties for those lucky enough to take up opportunities to contribute to policing in other countries. Deeper thought followed about the juxtaposition of western models of policing, international relations and the customs of developing countries. The more I tried to find out the more questions were raised. Soon it was evident that little had been written about international policing and even less about international policing in relation to the Pacific. The need for research that combines the study of cross-border policing of crime and criminality with international relations scholarship has been identified by Peter Andreas and Ethan Nadelmann in their 2006 co-authored book. A growing body of literature examines policing and development in the Pacific, but is mainly centred on conflicts in Melanesia with particular emphasis on the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). Apparently, no single work discusses the needs of police services in the Pacific in relation to domestic policing and international cooperation. This work seeks to fill that gap.</p>

scholarly journals Assessing the motivations of New Zealand’s International Interventions: From Practice to Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Matthew Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
International Interventions

<p>Since the end of the Cold War New Zealand has participated in numerous international interventions, both within the Asia-Pacific region and further afield. As a small state with limited resources and influence what have been the primary motivating factors that have influenced New Zealand’s decisions to intervene? Can the decisions to intervene be best explained by realism, liberalism, constructivism, or a combination of these theories? This essay will assess the motivating factors for New Zealand’s involvement in international interventions by analysing four case studies where New Zealand participated in an intervention – Bosnia, East Timor, Afghanistan, and the Solomon Islands. This essay will also assess whether the motivating factors for intervening within New Zealand’s geographic region differ from those outside its region, and whether there is a difference in approach taken by the two main political parties in New Zealand – Labour and National. The essay concludes that while there were elements of realism and constructivism in the decisions to intervene, liberalism provides that best explanation for the decision to intervene in three of the four case studies. The fourth case study, the Solomon Islands, is best explained by the realist factors of regional security and upholding New Zealand’s relationship with Australia. The essay finds that while the motivations for intervening in three of the four case studies were similar, the motivations for intervening within the Asia-Pacific region were slightly more realist. The motivations to intervene were similar regardless if National or Labour were in government.</p>

scholarly journals Assessing the motivations of New Zealand’s International Interventions: From Practice to Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Matthew Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
International Interventions

<p>Since the end of the Cold War New Zealand has participated in numerous international interventions, both within the Asia-Pacific region and further afield. As a small state with limited resources and influence what have been the primary motivating factors that have influenced New Zealand’s decisions to intervene? Can the decisions to intervene be best explained by realism, liberalism, constructivism, or a combination of these theories? This essay will assess the motivating factors for New Zealand’s involvement in international interventions by analysing four case studies where New Zealand participated in an intervention – Bosnia, East Timor, Afghanistan, and the Solomon Islands. This essay will also assess whether the motivating factors for intervening within New Zealand’s geographic region differ from those outside its region, and whether there is a difference in approach taken by the two main political parties in New Zealand – Labour and National. The essay concludes that while there were elements of realism and constructivism in the decisions to intervene, liberalism provides that best explanation for the decision to intervene in three of the four case studies. The fourth case study, the Solomon Islands, is best explained by the realist factors of regional security and upholding New Zealand’s relationship with Australia. The essay finds that while the motivations for intervening in three of the four case studies were similar, the motivations for intervening within the Asia-Pacific region were slightly more realist. The motivations to intervene were similar regardless if National or Labour were in government.</p>

scholarly journals Peace and war journalism in the New Zealand media: Reporting on ‘the arc of instability’ in the Pacific

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Heather Devere ◽  
Courtney Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Media Reporting ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
War Journalism ◽  
Peace Journalism

The Fourth Estate role of the media in a democracy is to inform its citizens and to be a forum for debate about political issues so that the citizenry is able to make informed decisions about the role its government plays. New Zealand portrays itself as a leading democracy in the Pacific, but how much do New Zealanders know about what is happening among the country’s neighbours? This article is an exploratory study on media coverage of four countries in Melanesia which have experienced conflict to assess the degree to which a peace/conflict journalism approach as opposed to a war/violence journalism approach is used. A content analysis of Radio New Zealand’s Morning Report programme was conducted between June and July 2012 to assess the reporting on the four Melanesian countries: Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. According to Pilger (2011) war journalism is reporting on what those in power say they do, whereas peace journalism is what those in power actually do. Lynch and McGoldrick (2005) state that peace journalism ‘is when editors and reporters make choices—of what stories to report and how to report them—that create opportunities for society at large to consider and value non-violent responses to conflict’ (p. 5). The framing of New Zealand media reporting as either war journalism or peace journalism will be an indication of how information about conflict in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu is presented to a New Zealand audience.

Fungi anamorphici in Australasia

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric H. C. McKenzie ◽  
Eric H. C. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
The Pacific

Fungi are everywhere but mycologists are not and the fungi anamorphici, which includes hyphomycetes and coelomycetes, is an under-studied group in Australasia. It is the second largest group of fungi and its members play an important role in nutrient cycling. Plant pathogenic species are the best-documented and fungi anamorphici feature prominently in lists of plant diseases for Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. The few resident mycologists specialising in taxonomy and systematics of fungi anamorphici have made major advances in the study of plant pathogens (e.g. Bipolaris, Fusarium) and those of industrial importance (e.g. Penicillium). Visiting mycologists who have made significant collections of Australasian fungi anamorphici include B. C. Sutton in Australia, S. J. Hughes in New Zealand and T. Matsushima in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. A census of fungi anamorphici is being prepared forFungi of Australia and a database of all species recorded from New Zealand is being compiled. Australasian studies of fungi anamorphici in freshwater and marine environments and those associated with arthropods are discussed. Rainforests and numerous other habitats in Australasia remain a vast storehouse of unknown fungi anamorphici—thousands of species yet to be collected, classified and described.

The ‘Asia threat’ in the US–Australia relationship: then and now

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-252
Author(s):  
Stuart Rollo
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Imperial Japan ◽  
The Rise Of China

AbstractFor almost a century before the formal alliance between the United States and Australia in 1941, a relationship was being formed around interrelated perceptions of shared identity and economic, political, and strategic interests. Perhaps the single most important factor in the recognition of shared interests lay in the mutually reinforcing fears of a multilayered ‘Asia threat’ that developed in parallel in both countries, originating as a demographic fear over Chinese migration during gold rushes of the 1850s, and progressing to focus on the growing military power of imperial Japan and geostrategic dominance of the Pacific. In recent years, the rise of China has been the central focus of US–Australia alliance, and, in many respects, the security architecture used to confront China is a legacy of the historical ‘Asia threat’. Understanding the historical context of the relationship is necessary for dispelling the anachronistic ‘Asia threat’ perceptions from the contemporary security policy.

scholarly journals The Evolution of International Policing in the Pacific: a Critical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Bronwin M. Boswell
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Growing Body

<p>I have been involved in policing and crime prevention for many years. I was a sworn member of Victoria Police (Australia), a crime prevention coordinator in a New Zealand community, and am currently employed by New Zealand Police (NZP). My interest in international policing grew as I realised more and more police were serving in a number of roles overseas. At first, I thought this a nice departure from normal duties for those lucky enough to take up opportunities to contribute to policing in other countries. Deeper thought followed about the juxtaposition of western models of policing, international relations and the customs of developing countries. The more I tried to find out the more questions were raised. Soon it was evident that little had been written about international policing and even less about international policing in relation to the Pacific. The need for research that combines the study of cross-border policing of crime and criminality with international relations scholarship has been identified by Peter Andreas and Ethan Nadelmann in their 2006 co-authored book. A growing body of literature examines policing and development in the Pacific, but is mainly centred on conflicts in Melanesia with particular emphasis on the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). Apparently, no single work discusses the needs of police services in the Pacific in relation to domestic policing and international cooperation. This work seeks to fill that gap.</p>

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