scholarly journals Investigations of plant subfossil cuticles at a Holocene raised bog complex, northern New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Carolin Haenfling
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Reference Material ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
The Core ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Successional Species

<p>Subfossil plant cuticles, the very resistant waxy layer covering vascular land plants, are a neglected source of information in peat studies, despite their high preservation and identification potential. A lack of standardised methods and reference material are major contributing factors. In this thesis, a new method is introduced to test if subfossil plant cuticles from Moanatuatua Bog in the northern North Island of New Zealand can give a robust reconstruction of local bog surface vegetation changes during the Holocene. The method was successfully established and applied at coarse sampling resolution to show vegetation changes across the full length of the core and at fine sampling resolution around charcoal layers to reconstruct the post-fire response pattern of the main plant species on the bog. Additionally, bulk density and organic matter analyses were carried out to provide further insight into these changes. At the core site, towards the southern margins of Moanatuatua Bog, swamp forest had developed by 15000 cal yr BP. Until ca. 10500 cal yr BP, the vegetation assemblage was sedge-dominated, indicating swamp and/or fen conditions. A significant increase in macroscopic charcoal particles coincided with the transition to a more diversified vegetation composition. At around 4500 cal yr BP, the vegetation became restiad-dominated, indicating full raised bog conditions. The coarse resolution cuticle results were further compared to a pollen record from the same sequence, which was established independently. This comparison showed that plant subfossil cuticles can provide additional information to pollen analysis in cases where pollen is hard to identify or poorly preserved. Specifically, restiad pollen is hard to differentiate, yet cuticles of Empodisma and Sporadanthus have very distinct features. Also, Cyperaceae pollen is very poorly preserved at Moanatuatua Bog and the Cyperaceae pollen curve shows a poor match with the Cyperaceae cuticle record. It is suggested therefore that Cyperaceae pollen at this site – and potentially other peat sites – is a less reliable indicator of local sedge communities than a Cyperaceae cuticle record. At fine resolution, results were blurred across a time interval that was marginal for reconstructing response patterns due to the constraints imposed by sampling resolution and peat accumulation rate of Moanatuatua Bog. Nevertheless, two out of three charcoal layers recorded a local fire on the bog surface, with one layer displaying the expected vegetation response. After the fire, Empodisma, as a mid-successional species, re-established on the bog surface before Sporadanthus, a late-successional species. The other layer was dominated by sedges and showed no response pattern, as is to be expected due to the very fast recovery of sedges. In general, sample preparation for cuticle analysis proved to be fast with relatively little equipment or chemicals needed. With detailed reference material, identification to species level is possible due to distinctive and pronounced cuticle features. Plant cuticle analysis is therefore proposed to be a reliable tool to reconstruct long-term and short-term vegetation changes from peat sequences.</p>

scholarly journals Investigations of plant subfossil cuticles at a Holocene raised bog complex, northern New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Carolin Haenfling
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Reference Material ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
The Core ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Successional Species

<p>Subfossil plant cuticles, the very resistant waxy layer covering vascular land plants, are a neglected source of information in peat studies, despite their high preservation and identification potential. A lack of standardised methods and reference material are major contributing factors. In this thesis, a new method is introduced to test if subfossil plant cuticles from Moanatuatua Bog in the northern North Island of New Zealand can give a robust reconstruction of local bog surface vegetation changes during the Holocene. The method was successfully established and applied at coarse sampling resolution to show vegetation changes across the full length of the core and at fine sampling resolution around charcoal layers to reconstruct the post-fire response pattern of the main plant species on the bog. Additionally, bulk density and organic matter analyses were carried out to provide further insight into these changes. At the core site, towards the southern margins of Moanatuatua Bog, swamp forest had developed by 15000 cal yr BP. Until ca. 10500 cal yr BP, the vegetation assemblage was sedge-dominated, indicating swamp and/or fen conditions. A significant increase in macroscopic charcoal particles coincided with the transition to a more diversified vegetation composition. At around 4500 cal yr BP, the vegetation became restiad-dominated, indicating full raised bog conditions. The coarse resolution cuticle results were further compared to a pollen record from the same sequence, which was established independently. This comparison showed that plant subfossil cuticles can provide additional information to pollen analysis in cases where pollen is hard to identify or poorly preserved. Specifically, restiad pollen is hard to differentiate, yet cuticles of Empodisma and Sporadanthus have very distinct features. Also, Cyperaceae pollen is very poorly preserved at Moanatuatua Bog and the Cyperaceae pollen curve shows a poor match with the Cyperaceae cuticle record. It is suggested therefore that Cyperaceae pollen at this site – and potentially other peat sites – is a less reliable indicator of local sedge communities than a Cyperaceae cuticle record. At fine resolution, results were blurred across a time interval that was marginal for reconstructing response patterns due to the constraints imposed by sampling resolution and peat accumulation rate of Moanatuatua Bog. Nevertheless, two out of three charcoal layers recorded a local fire on the bog surface, with one layer displaying the expected vegetation response. After the fire, Empodisma, as a mid-successional species, re-established on the bog surface before Sporadanthus, a late-successional species. The other layer was dominated by sedges and showed no response pattern, as is to be expected due to the very fast recovery of sedges. In general, sample preparation for cuticle analysis proved to be fast with relatively little equipment or chemicals needed. With detailed reference material, identification to species level is possible due to distinctive and pronounced cuticle features. Plant cuticle analysis is therefore proposed to be a reliable tool to reconstruct long-term and short-term vegetation changes from peat sequences.</p>

Holocene history of a raised bog, northern New Zealand, based on plant cuticles

The Holocene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Haenfling ◽  
Rewi Newnham ◽  
Andrew Rees ◽  
Ignacio Jara ◽  
Aline Homes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vegetation History ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Plant Cuticle ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
History Of

We present a method for analysing subfossil plant cuticles preserved in peat and apply the method to provide a preliminary, coarse resolution reconstruction of Holocene vegetation history at Moanatuatua Bog, northern North Island, New Zealand. The plant cuticle record reveals the early-Holocene development of a swamp and its transition to a raised bog, which is not apparent from other proxies. Comparison with a pollen record from the same sequence highlights the advantages of plant cuticle analysis in cases where pollen is hard to identify or poorly preserved. In particular, distinguishing between the pollen grains of the two main bog species, the restiads Empodisma robustum and Sporadanthus ferrugineus, relies on subtle gradational characteristics, whereas their cuticular patterns are very distinct. Furthermore, Cyperaceae pollen is poorly preserved at Moanatuatua Bog, being almost completely absent, whereas the Cyperaceae cuticles are present throughout the sequence. Therefore, we suggest that Cyperaceae pollen at this site is a less reliable indicator of local sedge communities than the cuticle record. The wide dispersal capabilities of these wind-dispersed pollen types also make them less suitable for determining local site vegetation and environmental change in comparison with cuticle remains. These results suggest that plant cuticle analysis may be a useful tool for the reconstruction of long-term vegetation changes from peat sequences, especially when used in concert with palynology. Sample preparation also proved to be fast with little equipment or chemicals needed.

Palynological evidence for climatic and oceanic variability off NW Africa during the late Holocene

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilham Bouimetarhan ◽  
Lydie Dupont ◽  
Enno Schefuß ◽  
Gesine Mollenhauer ◽  
Stefan Mulitza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Dinoflagellate Cyst ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Palaeoenvironmental Changes

AbstractPollen and organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst assemblages from core GeoB 9503-5 retrieved from the mud-belt (∼ 50 m water depth) off the Senegal River mouth have been analyzed to reconstruct short-term palaeoceanographic and palaeoenvironmental changes in subtropical NW Africa during the time interval from ca. 4200 to 1200 cal yr BP. Our study emphasizes significant coeval changes in continental and oceanic environments in and off Senegal and shows that initial dry conditions were followed by a strong and rapid increase in humidity between ca. 2900 and 2500 cal yr BP. After ca. 2500 cal yr BP, the environment slowly became drier again as indicated by slight increases in Sahelian savannah and desert elements in the pollen record. Around ca. 2200 cal yr BP, this relatively dry period ended with periodic pulses of high terrigenous contributions and strong fluctuations in fern spore and river plume dinoflagellate cyst percentages as well as in the fluxes of pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, fresh-water algae and plant cuticles, suggesting “episodic flash flood” events of the Senegal River. The driest phase developed after about 2100 cal yr BP.

An Adolescent Girl Experiments with Sexuality: Rain (Christine Jeffs, 2001)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Fox
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adolescent Girl ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
The Core ◽  
Parental Neglect ◽  
The Human Condition

The analysis in this chapter focuses on Christine Jeffs’s Rain as evidence of a shift that had occurred in New Zealand society whereby puritan repression is no longer perceived as the source of emotional problems for children in the process of becoming adults, but rather its opposite – neoliberal individualism, hedonism, and the parental neglect and moral lassitude it had promoted. A comparison with Kirsty Gunn’s novel of the same name, upon which the adaptation is based, reveals how Jeffs converted a poetic meditation on the human condition into a cinematic family melodrama with a girl’s discovery of the power of her own sexuality at the core.

scholarly journals A palaeoenvironmental record of the Southern Hemisphere last glacial maximum from the Mount Cass loess section, North Canterbury, Aotearoa/New Zealand

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peter C. Almond ◽  
Sándor Gulyás ◽  
Pál Sümegi ◽  
Balázs P. Sümegi ◽  
Stephen Covey-Crump ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Glacial Maximum ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Last Glacial ◽  
Event Stratigraphy ◽  
Westerly Winds

Abstract Calcareous loess in North Canterbury, eastern South Island, New Zealand (NZ), preserves subfossil bird bone, terrestrial gastropods, and eggshell, whose abundances and radiocarbon ages allowed us to reconstruct aspects of palaeoenvironment at high resolution through 25 to 21 cal ka BP. This interval includes millennial-scale climatic variability during the extended last glacial maximum (30–18 ka) of Australasia. Our loess palaeoclimatic record shows good correspondence with stadial and interstadial climate events of the NZ Climate Event Stratigraphy, which were defined from a pollen record on the western side of South Island. An interstade from 25.4 to 24 cal ka BP was warm but also relatively humid on eastern South Island, and loess grain size may indicate reduced vigour of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds. The subsequent stade (24–22.6 cal ka BP) was drier, colder, and probably windier. The next interstade remained relatively dry on eastern South Island, and westerly winds remained vigorous. The 25.4–24 ka interstade is synchronous with Heinrich stade 2, which may have driven a southward migration of the subtropical front, leading to warming and wetting of northern and central South Island and retreat of Southern Alps glaciers at ca. 26.5 ka.

A 100 million year composite pollen record from New Zealand shows maximum angiosperm abundance delayed until Eocene

2021 ◽  
pp. 110207
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Prebble ◽  
Elizabeth M. Kennedy ◽  
Tammo Reichgelt ◽  
Christopher Clowes ◽  
Tom Womack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pollen Record

scholarly journals Accountability reporting objectives of Māori organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Craig ◽  
Rawiri Taonui ◽  
Susan Wild ◽  
Lũcia Lima Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
The Core ◽  
Regional Associations

Purpose This paper aims to highlight the accountability reporting objectives of four Māori-controlled organizations. The examples cited reflect the core values of the indigenous Māori people of New Zealand (Aotearoa) and help demonstrate how these values are manifest in the accountability reporting of Māori-controlled organizations. Design/methodology/approach Narrative sections of ten annual reports of two small and two large Maori organizations, drawn variously from their financial years ending in the calendar years 2009 to 2014, are read closely. These organizations represent diverse tribal and regional associations in terms of size, scope and structure; and in terms of the business, social and cultural activities they pursue. Findings Three core Māori values are identified: spirituality (wairuatanga); intergenerationalism and restoration (whakapapa); and governance, leadership and respect (mana and rangatiratanga). The commitment to these values and the way this commitment is reflected in accountability reports of Maori organizations, is presented. Originality/value The examples provided, and the associated discussion, should help inform reporting initiatives of organizations that are seeking better accountability in terms of their long-term engagement with indigenous communities, the environment and broader society.

scholarly journals Geomagnetic secular variation

1989 ◽  
Vol 329 (1606) ◽  
pp. 415-502 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Static Field ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The Core ◽  
Flow Maps ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Construct Maps ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

We analyse over 175000 magnetic observations from an interval spanning 1695-1980 to produce a sequence of maps of the magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary; we find that even the earlier data enable us to determine reliable maps. We produce these maps at approximately 60-year intervals through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and at 10-year intervals in the twentieth century. This span of maps is long enough to render straightforward the distinction between static and drifting features in the field: we observe that some features show no sign whatsoever of drift over the entire 285-year time interval, although others drift westwards. In particular, we observe that the secular variation is very low beneath the Pacific ocean, but beneath southern Africa and the South Atlantic ocean we observe rapid secular variation. We interpret the morphology of the static field in terms of a simple model of the dynamo, and conjecture that interactions between the core and the mantle are an important element of the process. As part of the static field we identify four main concentrations of flux, two in each hemisphere, at high latitudes: these features largely account for the Earth’s axial dipole moment. We find unequivocal evidence that magnetic flux has not remained frozen over the time span of our models; much of the diffusive behaviour that we identify is associated with the formation of a pair of flux spots (a ‘core spot’) beneath southern Africa, early in this century. Nevertheless, we are able to construct maps that satisfy a set of necessary conditions for frozen-flux, and use these maps to construct maps of the core surface fluid flow, based on the steady flow hypothesis. Although we find no strong evidence against the steady flow hypothesis, we do find some grounds on which to doubt the validity of the flow maps.

scholarly journals Is there any Evidence for Regional Atmospheric 14C Offsets in the Southern Hemisphere?

Radiocarbon ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 2029-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Hogg ◽  
Chris Turney ◽  
Jonathan Palmer ◽  
Ed Cook ◽  
Brendan Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Common Time ◽  
Lagarostrobos Franklinii

Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) Tasmanian Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii) decadal measurements for the interval AD 745–855 suggest a mean interhemispheric radiocarbon offset (20 ± 5 yr), which is considerably lower than the previously reported mean interhemispheric offset for the last 2 millennia (44 ± 17 yr). However, comparable University of Waikato (Wk) New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) measurements show significantly higher values (56 ± 6 yr), suggesting the possibility of a temporary geographic (intrahemispheric) offset between Tasmania, Australia, and Northland, New Zealand, during at least 1 common time interval. Here, we report 9 new Wk Tasmanian Huon pine measurements from the decades showing the largest Huon/kauri difference. We show statistically indistinguishable Wk Huon and Wk kauri 14C ages, thus dispelling the suggestion of a 14C geographic offset between Tasmania and Northland.

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