scholarly journals Conceptual and Theoretical Issues in Forensic Neuropsychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lucy Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Deception Detection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Forensic Neuropsychology ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Offending Behaviour ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Insight Into

<p>Neuroscience is an increasingly popular area of study in forensic psychology, and there is a large body of empirical research emerging investigating the biological basis of offending behaviour. However, the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of forensic neuroscience are currently underdeveloped. The aim of this thesis is to provide insight into the potential issues with forensic neuroscience and provide a number of suggestions for researchers to follow. This thesis begins by outlining these theoretical, conceptual, and empirical issues that researchers should be considering, including conceptualisation of the mind, explanation, and the methodological issues in neuroscience. These issues are then examined in more detail using two specific subject areas as exemplars: deception detection and mind-reading by brain-reading. This thesis concludes with suggestions for future researchers, which include making sure that research is based on a strong theoretical framework, clarity around the kind of explanation employed and use of explanatory pluralism, clear and consistent definitions to improve conceptual validity, using consistent and conceptually valid experimental protocols, and explicit consideration of technical limitations and how they impact the validity of the experiment.</p>

scholarly journals Conceptual and Theoretical Issues in Forensic Neuropsychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lucy Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Deception Detection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Forensic Neuropsychology ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Offending Behaviour ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Insight Into

<p>Neuroscience is an increasingly popular area of study in forensic psychology, and there is a large body of empirical research emerging investigating the biological basis of offending behaviour. However, the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of forensic neuroscience are currently underdeveloped. The aim of this thesis is to provide insight into the potential issues with forensic neuroscience and provide a number of suggestions for researchers to follow. This thesis begins by outlining these theoretical, conceptual, and empirical issues that researchers should be considering, including conceptualisation of the mind, explanation, and the methodological issues in neuroscience. These issues are then examined in more detail using two specific subject areas as exemplars: deception detection and mind-reading by brain-reading. This thesis concludes with suggestions for future researchers, which include making sure that research is based on a strong theoretical framework, clarity around the kind of explanation employed and use of explanatory pluralism, clear and consistent definitions to improve conceptual validity, using consistent and conceptually valid experimental protocols, and explicit consideration of technical limitations and how they impact the validity of the experiment.</p>

Parents' Beliefs About Children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Parental Practices ◽  
Children's Development ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Children’S Development

This book addresses what parents believe about children—both children in general and their own children in particular. Its scope is broad, encompassing beliefs directed to numerous aspects of children’s development in both the cognitive and social realms, developments that span the age periods from birth through adolescence. Although the focus is on typical development, departures from the norm in both children’s functioning and parental practices are also discussed. Four questions are addressed for every topic considered: What is the nature of parents’ beliefs? What are the origins of parents’ beliefs? How do parents’ beliefs relate to parents’ behavior? And how do parents’ beliefs relate to children’s development? These questions tie in to long-standing theoretical issues in psychology, they are central to our understanding of both parenting practices and children’s development, and they speak to some of the most important pragmatic issues for which psychology can provide answers. The major goal of the book is to convey the main conclusions from the large body of work that has addressed these questions. Because much still remains to be learned, a second goal is to identify needed directions for further study.

Corruption Measurements: Caught Between Conceptualizing the Phenomenon and Promoting New Governance Agenda?

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226292098394
Author(s):  
Kannan Perumal
Keyword(s):  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Policy Advocacy ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Topic Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Control Framework ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Insight Into

The work ‘Corruption Measurements: Caught Between Conceptualizing the Phenomenon and Promoting New Governance Agenda?’ is a qualitative study based on reviewing the literature available on the subject. It starts with the introduction that explains the evolution of the idea of measuring corruption, its relevance to governance and associated theoretical issues. The topic, ‘Evolution of Corruption Measurements’ gives an overview about different corruption indices. While the topic ‘Challenges to Corruption Measurements’ briefly introduces the challenges faced by corruption measurements, the topics ‘Conceptualizing Corruption’ and ‘Methodological Issues’ give insight into the contentions faced by corruption measurements from different theoretical perspectives. Also, explained in these sections are how the corruption measurements have conceptualized corruption over the period of three decades; and how do they keep evolving their methods in order to become more relevant in policy advocacy. Issues associated with data aggregation also are explained in-depth in this work. This work demonstrates that though continuous methodological evolution and empirical research have helped corruption measurements to improve their acceptance level, the gap that exist between corruption control framework and practice will remain a challenge to address in future if corruption measurements do not genuinely account the contextual realities.

scholarly journals Acoustic-Prosodic and Lexical Cues to Deception and Trust: Deciphering How People Detect Lies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 199-214
Author(s):  
Xi (Leslie) Chen ◽  
Sarah Ita Levitan ◽  
Michelle Levine ◽  
Marko Mandic ◽  
Julia Hirschberg
Keyword(s):  
Deception Detection ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Cues To Deception ◽  
Lexical Cues ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Large Corpus ◽  
Better Than

Humans rarely perform better than chance at lie detection. To better understand human perception of deception, we created a game framework, LieCatcher, to collect ratings of perceived deception using a large corpus of deceptive and truthful interviews. We analyzed the acoustic-prosodic and linguistic characteristics of language trusted and mistrusted by raters and compared these to characteristics of actual truthful and deceptive language to understand how perception aligns with reality. With this data we built classifiers to automatically distinguish trusted from mistrusted speech, achieving an F1 of 66.1%. We next evaluated whether the strategies raters said they used to discriminate between truthful and deceptive responses were in fact useful. Our results show that, although several prosodic and lexical features were consistently perceived as trustworthy, they were not reliable cues. Also, the strategies that judges reported using in deception detection were not helpful for the task. Our work sheds light on the nature of trusted language and provides insight into the challenging problem of human deception detection.

scholarly journals Catching the wandering mind: Meditation as a window into spontaneous thought

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Hasenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Great Utility ◽  
Spontaneous Thought ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Subjective Reports ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Research Recommendations

This chapter considers a form of attention-based meditation as a novel means to gain insight into the mechanisms and phenomenology of spontaneous thought. Focused attention (FA) meditation involves keeping one’s attention on a chosen object, and repeatedly catching the mind when it strays from the object into spontaneous thought. This practice can thus be viewed as a kind of self-caught mind wandering paradigm, which suggests it may have great utility for research on spontaneous thought. Current findings about the effects of meditation on mind wandering and meta-awareness are reviewed, and implications for new research paradigms that leverage first-person reporting during FA meditation are discussed. Specifically, research recommendations are made that may enable customized analysis of individual episodes of mind wandering and their neural correlates. It is hoped that by combining detailed subjective reports from experienced meditators with rigorous objective physiological measures, we can advance our understanding of human consciousness.

scholarly journals Brand Endorsers with Role Model Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 67-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Kühn ◽  
Claudia Riesmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Model Function ◽  
Role Construction ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Attitudinal Dimension ◽  
Advertising Literacy ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Performance Dimension

Social media influencers (SMIs) are taking on new roles in the communication environment of their followers as persuasive agents, opinion leaders, brand endorsers, and role models. Taking a look from the perspective of SMIs as agents in the persuasion attempt and their advertising literacy, our study has three aims. First, we provide insight into SMIs‘ self-perception as opinion-leading brand endorsers. Second, we discuss the extent to which SMIs use this awareness of and knowledge about their role model function for their particular young followers. Finally, we show how SMIs actively construct their media persona and how their relationship with their followers is based around this identity. The results from 15 semi-structured, guideline-based interviews conducted in 2019 with German SMIs working in different subject areas (e.g., fitness, fashion, travel, and family) show that SMIs are advertising literate. SMIs are aware of their multiple roles (understanding of one‘s roles: conceptional dimension), and reflect about their media persona‘s role model function (role interpretation: attitudinal dimension). Therefore, the majority of SMIs create their content and their media persona, as well as actively construct their relationship to their followers, based on their knowledge and awareness (role construction: performance dimension).

Healing the ‘split’: trauma as a dynamic in psychosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Franco ◽  
Lindsey Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Process Thought ◽  
False Self ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
As If

In this article, the first author uses an autobiographical account of a trauma she experienced and shows how, in her understanding, this led to her developing what was diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia. The trauma forced her to accept a distortion of her understanding of reality, which, she explains, caused a split in her ego between the inner truth of the event and the imposed distortion. She considers Freud’s theory of how trauma develops and looks at how it applies to her case. Using Winnicott’s theory of there being a ‘false self’ in psychosis, she shows how a false self was formed out of the distortion. Bion’s understanding of the development of thought applied to trauma is used to give insight into how the mind finds it difficult to process thought when a trauma occurs and, using Brown’s understanding, she indicates how this is similar to what happens in psychosis. She utilizes Winnicott’s explanation of there being a trauma not lived through, as if not experienced, being present in psychosis and how the need to experience, ‘remember’, this trauma is for healing to take place. In conclusion, she argues how the reaching and establishing of the inner truth is what is needed for recovery to happen and for the split in the ego to heal.

Consumer Buying Behavior of Budding Musicians Between 15 and 25 Purchasing Guitars in Pune

2019 ◽  
pp. 200-216
Author(s):  
Suddhaloke Roy Choudhury ◽  
Kaushal B. K.
Keyword(s):  
Primary Objective ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Rock And Roll ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Potential Consumer ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Consumer Buying Behavior

The earth-shattering effect of Rock and Roll on popular music put guitars on the map. Buying behavior of a guitar (instrument) is relatively a nascent topic in academic literature, although listening to and playing music itself has been an important part of human culture for centuries. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to investigate consumer buying behavior of budding musicians between the ages of 15 and 25, purchasing guitars in the city of Pune. The study ended up providing a significant insight into the mind of a budding musician while purchasing a guitar. All of this has helped shape the buying behavior of a potential consumer. Surprisingly, family influence has been low for most people since they have been quite sure while making a purchase.

Exploring hate crime amongst a cohort of Scottish prisoners: an exploratory study

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Kirsty Penrice ◽  
Philip Birch ◽  
Stephan McAlpine
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Prison Violence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Prison Environment ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the motives a person adopts in order to engage in hate-related behaviours within a prison setting. A subsidiary aim of the study was to compare this cohort of prisoners with prisoners who have been convicted for aggravated racism in the community. Design/methodology/approach In order to gather data, an exploratory research design was adopted, utilising the method of semi-structured interviews. In total, a number of nine interviews were conducted. Qualitative analysis was then employed allowing for an examination of meaning in relation to the motives behind the commission of hate crimes to occur. Findings The findings revealed the presence of racist beliefs and attitudes in both groups involved in the study. Further similarities between the two groups included the perception of inequality and beliefs about racism. The differences between the two groups included poor emotional regulation and an inability to manage beliefs and subsequent behaviours about people from different ethnic groups, with those in custody seeming to be more reactive. Practical implications The findings provide a preliminary insight into enhancing inmate safety. The environmental implications begin to reveal the complexity of hate-related behaviours in custody. There are differences between the context of hate crime committed in a prison environment compared to that committed in the community that require different solutions for addressing such behaviour. Further implications are considered in the final section of the paper. Originality/value A large body of research has been conducted on prison violence, seldom does this research examine this issue within the context of hate crime. This preliminary study offers an insight into prison-based hate crime.

Seneca on Comets and Ancient Cometary Theory in Natural Questions 7

Ramus ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Williams
Keyword(s):  
The Right ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Mind's Eye ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Insight Into

Seneca's focus on comets inNatural Questions7 concentrates our attention on a phenomenon that is in a sense familiar but so distant, known but so unknown; they are obscurities that ‘both fill and escape our eyes’ (7.30.4), and which challenge us to project the mind's eye beyond the limits of our ordinary vision as we seek insight into nature's mysteries. The broad aim of this paper is to argue that Seneca's treatment of comets shapes, and actively applies in inventive ways within the text, a mindset that moves restlessly from narrow, more ‘terrestrial’ ways of reflecting upon the universe towards an unfettered mode of investigation that looks daringly beyond the limits of the visible and known to speculate on what lies beyond. This mindset proceeds by conjecture and ‘neither with any assurance of finding [the truth] nor without hope’ (7.29.3), but it nevertheless follows the ‘right’ (Senecan) path even in possible error: it reaches dynamically beyond conventional confines—in this case, the zodiac—to engage with the universal immensity in ways that aspire to that main Senecan goal in theNatural Questionsas whole, ‘to see the all with the mind’ (cf.animo omne uidisse, 3 pref. 10).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document