scholarly journals Human Capital and Endogenous Growth: Incorporating the Role of Unemployment in Determining Returns

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-262
Author(s):  
Hina Ali ◽  
Saadia Irshad ◽  
Maria Shams Khakwani ◽  
Tayyaba Naveed
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Female Labor

This study reported the returns to Human Capital in Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the returns to human capital. In Pakistan, the level of output is dependent on manpower. Human Capital is a significant contributor in the way to betterment in the economic condition. In this study, time series data is used, and co-integration is applied for the empirical estimation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), education, mortality, enrolment, unemployment, and age are the core variables of the research. Education has a positive impact on productivity. An increase in education level raises the female labor force participation in Pakistan. The presence of children decreases the early age participation in the labor market. The result shows that when the education level is increased, it boosts the economic activity, and the female labor force participation is the main reason that is increasing its likelihood. It is recommended that government should provide better facilities of education to enhance the female force participation in the labor market in the case of developing countries, by providing the best grades and tasks to the human beings both male and female, thus the level of returns by human capital utilization may increase.

scholarly journals Female Labor Market Participation and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Khaliq ◽  
Dilawar Khan ◽  
Sultan Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Hamayun ◽  
Barkat Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Adf Test

Female labor force plays a significant role in the economic development of a country. The core objective of this paper is to examine the nexus between female labor force participation rate and Pakistan’s economic growth using time series data for the period 1990-2014. The data was extracted from World Development Indicators database. Augmented-Dickey Fuller (ADF) test was applied to examine the data for unit root. The results show that both the variables--- female labor force participation rate and economic growth---are stationary at first difference i.e. I(1). The error correction model (ECM) and Johansen co-integration tests were used to examine the co-integration relation between the variables. The econometric results conclude that there is long-run and a U-shaped link between economic growth and women labor force participation rate of Pakistan. The results conclude that lower female labor force participation rate leads to lower economic growth in Pakistan. This paper has important policy implications, suggests that policies intend to remove such barriers could help to enhance the Pakistan’s economic growth.

scholarly journals Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Beirut, 1990

1970 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Natalie Chekaibe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Economic Participation ◽  
Status Of Women

Although, universally, the most visible change in the economic status of women during the second half of the twentieth century has been the increase in their participation in the labor market, the Arab region is still characterized by very low female economic participation.

scholarly journals THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LABOR MARKET AND FEMALE LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeta Jaba ◽  
Christiana Sandu ◽  
Aurelian Plopeanu ◽  
Ioan Robu ◽  
Marinela Istrate
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Female Labor

In this paper we analyze the characteristics of labor markets and female labor force in the countries from Central and Eastern Europe in order to verify the existence of significant differences in female labor participation rate among the countries that experienced the same political and economic system before 1990. The paper seeks to address the following specific objectives: 1) to identify the variables which are strongly correlated with female labor force participation, objective met using correlation analysis; 2) to define clusters of countries based on the determinants of female participation on the labor market, identified previously, using hierarchical cluster method; 3) to verify if the female labor force participation rate differs significantly among the identified clusters by applying the analysis of variance. The results of this study highlight that, in Central and Eastern Europe, we can identify four clusters of countries that share common characteristics of female labor market and female labor force. The analysis of the variation in female labor force participation rate emphasizes different patterns according to identified groups of countries.

scholarly journals Women Labor Force Participation and Governance in Developing Economies: A Panel Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Mabrooka Altaf
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Female Labor

The current study empirically investigates the relationship among female labor force participation and governance in developing nations, using panel data of 62 developing countries, from year 1996 to 2016. The two variables taken as dependent variables are women labor force participation and governance. Results of GMM estimation showed that there is positive association between women labor force participation and governance. Education, GDP per capita, and globalization has positive, while income inequality has negative impact on governance. Similarly, education, fertility rate and rural population has negative, and globalization has positive impact on female labor force participation. So, it is concluded that the importance of governance and women labor force participation cannot be refused in terms of growth enhancement, which will consequently improve the social and economic conditions of developing countries.

scholarly journals Female Labor Force Participation, Labor Market Dynamic and Growth in LAC

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monserrat Bustelo ◽  
Luca Flabbi ◽  
Claudia Piras ◽  
Mauricio Tejada
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Market Dynamic

scholarly journals Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan: A Case of Punjab

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safana Shaheen ◽  
Masood Sarwar Awan .
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Income Family

The present study is an effort to investigate the patterns of female labor force participation in case of Pakistan. In particular, the study analyzed the determinants of female labor force participation decision. The study utilized Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007-08 data of Punjab. Education is used as a direct human capital variable while; age is a proxy of human capital. The variables used in the analysis are female labour force participation, age, age square, marital status, area, female monthly income, family monthly income, family size, household head education, different classes of female education and employment status. To remove the selectivity bias, the study used Heckman’s (1979) two step procedure. Results of Logit model depicts that household head education, primary, middle, matric & mudrassa education level negatively related with the decision of female labor force participation while, decision towards participation is strong if female belonged to urban area, if she is married, if she has higher education, and if she has large family size. By using ordinary Least Square Method we estimated the earning function. Coefficient of age shows a substantial increase in the wages with each additional year spent. The sign of age square is negative which is according to our expectation and implying the concavity of earning function. Moreover, as the level of education increase the returns to each year of education also increases. In different occupational status females earns more if they are employee, employer or self employed than labourer (a reference category); while female earns less if they belonged to agricultural sector or other sectors than labourer. Married females earn more than others. The respondents’ belonged to urban areas earn more than rural respondents. Moreover, household head education and family size are positively significantly related with female earnings.

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