scholarly journals CATALYTIC LIQUEFACTION OF COALS: A PROMISING WAY TO PRODUCE MOTOR FUELS AND VALUABLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Part 5. Factors Influencing the Processes of Coal Liquefaction: Coal Texture and Its Granulometric Composition

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Ivan Y. Petrov ◽  
Alexei V. Osipov ◽  
Alexander R. Bogomolov
Keyword(s):  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Coal Liquefaction ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Motor Fuels

The Chemistry Decomposition in Human Corpses

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1352-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Gabriela Ioan ◽  
Cristiana Manea ◽  
Bianca Hanganu ◽  
Laura Statescu ◽  
Laura Gheuca Solovastru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Chemical Decomposition ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Human Decomposition ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Decomposition Stages

Human body is a complex of organic substances (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates), which undergo chemical decomposition processes soon after death. The compounds released during decomposition characterize the development of different stages of this process: e.g. biogenic amines resulted from the proteins decomposition will confer the particular smell of a cadaver, gases resulted from carbohydrates fermentation will give the bloating aspect of the cadaver. The study of cadaver decomposition and the products resulted from this process is the subject of human taphonomy and is realized nowadays in special facilities in USA and Australia. Identification and analysis of the chemical compounds emerged after human decomposition (gases, liquids, salts) give valuable information to forensic pathologists for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). More, volatile compounds � which give the odor signature�specific to human remains � may be utilized in identifying clandestine burials, human remains or victims entrapped under ruins in cases of natural disasters. In this paper the authors describe the chemical decomposition stages of human cadavers, the factors influencing these processes and utility for the forensic activity of the results of human taphonomic studies.

γ-Valerolactone as a promising solvent and basic chemical product. Catalytic synthesis from components of vegetable biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
O. P. Taran ◽  
V. V. Sychev ◽  
B. N. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Chemical Product ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Alkyl Levulinates

γ-Valerolactone (GVL), which is a valuable chemical compound and a platform molecule, is considered as an intermediate product for the synthesis of chemical compounds with high added value, components of motor fuels and biopolymers. GVL is successfully used as an environmentally friendly solvent, fuel additive, fragrance and food additive. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of catalytic methods for the production of GVL from levulinic acid (LA), alkyl levulinates (AL), carbohydrates and vegetable polymers. Particular attention is paid to heterogeneous catalysts based on metals and metal oxides, which are more promising for practical application. The proposed mechanisms of processes are considered in detail, and prospects of using hydrogen-donor solvents in the production of GVL are discussed. Catalysts with the best catalytic performance were compared in terms of their productivity, which is an important parameter for industrial catalysis.

scholarly journals Порівняльна оцінка вмісту рухомого фосфору в різних генетичних горизонтах чорнозему звичайного

2015 ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
С. М. Крамарьов ◽  
О. С. Крамарьов ◽  
А. О. Христенко ◽  
Л. М. Токмакова ◽  
С. І. Жученко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Ordinary Chernozem ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
High Level

Чорноземи звичайні на лесових породах важкого ґра-нулометричного складу Північного Степу України міс-тять підвищену кількість апатитоподібних сполук.Унаслідок цього використання будь-яких кислотних ме-тодів, у тому числі ГОСТ 26204-91 (метод Чирикова),призводить до істотного штучного завищення оцінкифосфатного стану ґрунтів (на 40-80 мг Р2О5/кг ґрунту).Для діагностики фосфатного стану даних ґрунтів, згід-но з вимогами нормативних документів України, слідвикористовувати наступні стандарти: ДСТУ 4114(метод Мачігина), ДСТУ 4727 (метод Карпінського-Зам’ятіної) і ДСТУ ISO 11263 (метод Olsen). Реальнаприродна забезпеченість орного шару чорноземів зви-чайних фосфором відповідає межі низької і середньоїзабезпеченості цим елементом живлення рослин, щопідтверджується відомими емпіричними даними провисоку ефективність фосфорних добрив на цих ґрунтах.Підвищеною або високою забезпеченістю фосфоромхарактеризується лише орний шар ґрунтів, що міститьзалишкові фосфати добрив, а також верхній ґумусовийгоризонт цілинних ґрунтів. Тому, для отримання високихврожаїв із високою якістю на чорноземах звичайнихПівнічного Степу України необхідно вносити не меншефосфорних добрив, ніж на інших ґрунтах країни виходя-чи з даних ґрунтової діагностики. Ordinary chernozem on the loess breeds of heavy granulometric composition of north Steppe zone of Ukraine contain the promoted amount of patitapaban chemical compounds. As a result of this the use of any acid methods, including GOST 26204-91 (Chirikov’s method) results in the substantial artificial overstating of estimation of the phosphatic state of soils (on 40–80 mgs of Р2О5/kg of soil). For diagnostics of the phosphatic state of these soils (in obedience to the requirements of normative documents of Ukraine) it is necessary to use the followings standards: GOST 4114 (Machigin’s method), GOST 4727 (method of Karpinskiy-Zamyatina) and GOST ISO 11263 (method of Olsen). Natural material well-being of arable layer of chernozem ordinary phosphorus matches the limit of low and middle well-being this element of the plants feed, that is confirmed the known empiric information about high efficiency of phosphoric fertilizers on these soils. The arable layer of soils, which contains the remaining phosphates of fertilizers, and also overhead humus horizon of virgin soils has high level of phosphorus. Therefore, for the receipt of high harvests with high quality on chernozem ordinary of north Steppe of Ukraine it is necessary to bring in not less phosphoric fertilizers, that on other soils of country (based on information of gravel diagnostics).

Formation of Efflorescence on the Surface of Construction Products in the Process of their Operation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1122 ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigory Yakovlev ◽  
Alena Politaeva ◽  
Arina Shaybadullina ◽  
Anastasiia Gordina ◽  
Alexander Buryanov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Construction Products ◽  
Second Year

The factors influencing the formation of efflorescence of construction materials are connected with the increased solubility of the ingredients of construction materials. Efflorescence may accumulate under some less permeable decorative paint layers and cause their peeling from the surface of a building structure, its decorative properties being completely lost. At the same time, the formation of efflorescence not only as white bloom, but also as "blooming" of the surfaces of materials due to the formation of new chemical compounds is possible. Similar processes occur in the process of operation of coloured pavers manufactured wth vibrocompression of cement and sand mortars with the addition of colouring pigments. The main source of efflorescence is calcium hydroxide Ca (OH)2 which is formed in hardening cement. The alkaline nature leads to its intensive interaction with carbon dioxide CO2. This efflorescence in the second year of operation, as a rule, does not resume due to the carbonation of calcium hydroxide in the structure of set cement.

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