Investigation of the disperse composition and strength of granules of instant drinks

В условиях высокой занятости населения возникает необходимость развития более сбалансированного питания. Одним из таких продуктов могут выступать инстантированные напитки на основе плодово-ягодного сырья. Подавляющее большинство таких продуктов на рынке представлено в виде многокомпонентного гранулятора с заданными показателями качества. При производстве таких продуктов используются грануляторы различного типа, однако для малых производств, которые могут быстро переориентироваться на выпуск новой продукции, более перспективными являются грануляторы периодического действия, например, роторные смесители-грануляторы. Однако при анализе получаемого дисперсного состава было выявлено, что продукт имеет нестабильный гранулометрический состав. В работе исследовались дисперсный состав и прочность гранулированного продукта, полученного в роторном смесителе-грануляторе. В результате литературно-патентного обзора была предложена модернизация известного гранулятора и определен дисперсный состав получаемых гранул. В результате проведенных исследований было выявлено, что гранулометрический состав готовой продукции стал более стабилен по сравнению с прототипом оборудования. При анализе прочности получаемых гранул не было выявлено существенного изменения, однако была выявлена зависимость прочности на раздавливание от частоты вращения рабочих органов, так при увеличении частоты вращения лопасти выше 2000 мин-1 наблюдался рост прочности гранул. Также при увеличении частоты вращения происходит рост мелкодисперсной фракции в готовой продукции. Обработка полученных результатов исследований позволила получить экспериментально статистическую модель зависимости среднемедианного размера получаемых гранул от режимных параметров и свойств связующего раствора. In conditions of high employment of the population, it becomes necessary to develop more balanced nutrition. One of the types of such foods can be instantized drinks based on fruit and berry raw materials. An overwhelming majority of these foods on the market are presented in the form of a multicomponent granules with specified quality indicators. When manufacturing such foods granulators of different types are used, however, for minor productions that can be quickly reorientated to the release of new foodstuffs, periodical activity granulators are more promising, for example, rotary mixers-granulators. However, when analyzing the resulting dispersed composition, it was revealed that the foodstuff has an unstable particle size distribution. The work investigated the dispersed composition and strength of the granular staff obtained in a rotary mixer-granulator. As a result of the literature and patent review, the modernization of the well-known granulator was proposed and the dispersed composition of the resulting granules was determined. As a result of the research carried out, it was revealed that the granulometric composition of the finished staff became stabler in comparison with the prototype of the equipment. When analyzing the strength of the granules obtained, no significant change was revealed, however, the dependence of the crushing strength of the working bodies’ rotational speed was revealed, so, with an increase in the blade’s rotational speed over 2000 RPM, an increase in the strength of the granules was observed. Also, with an increase in the rotational speed, an increase in the fine fraction in the product finished occurs. The processing of the research results obtained made it possible to obtain an experimental statistical model of the dependence of the average median size of the granules obtained on the operating parameters and the properties of the binder solution.

Agroecological assessment of saline soils of Iran

For the studied saline soils, the expediency of assessing the content of mobile ion compounds by chemical autography based on electrolysis and ionite membranes, vertical electrical sensing is shown. However, the electrical conductivity of soils depended on humidity, temperature, humus content, granulometric composition, soil density, and fertilizer application. The change in the nature and degree of soil salinization over time and in space was determined not only by the microrelief of the surface, groundwater and the change in the depth of the umbrellas in density, but also by the patterns of solubility of salts from humidity, temperature, pCO2, complex formation. For relative optimization of the situation, it is recommended to apply mineral fertilizers, stimulants, organic fertilizers, and create a large-porous layer at a depth of 40-70 cm, reducing the upward current from the lower layers of the soil to the Ap. Keywords: SOIL, SALINIZATION, WAYS OF OPTIMIZATION

Current State of Granulometric Composition of Irrigated Meadow-Serozem Soils of Azerbaijan

The article deals with the granulometric composition of irrigated-meadow-gray soils (Irrigic Calcisols). Along with the granulometric composition, the ratio of sand, dust and silt fractions was taken into account. The results of the analysis show that the uneven distribution of dependent silt particles supplied with irrigation water causes a variety in the granulometric composition of irrigated soils. At the same time, the differences in the granulometric composition of irrigated lands and raw soils were identified, and the reasons were studied.

Granulometric composition research of mine rocks as a material for backfilling the mined-out area in coal mines

Purpose. Determination of the granulometric characteristics and loosening coefficient of mine rocks formed during stope operations from undercutting the bottom rocks as a potential backfill material based on a set of mine and laboratory research. Methods. To do research, a complex methodology is used, which includes a photographic surveying the mass of destroyed rocks from undercutting the bottom rocks in mine conditions, digital processing and determining the granulometric composition in the software package, sampling the mine rocks at the surface complex, and reconstructing the granulometric composition, similar to the full-scale mine conditions in the laboratory. Sieve analysis, laboratory balance and laboratory container are used to determine the granulometric composition and loosening coefficient. Findings. The dependence between the granulometric composition and loosening coefficient of rocks, which increases by 33% within fractions of 0-50 mm and by 8% within fractions of 50-140 mm, has been revealed. It has been determined that the destroyed rocks in the face within fractions of 0-140 mm have a bulk density of 1.28 g/cm3, loosening coefficient of 1.7, the voidness of and the maximum reserve for the backfill mass compaction with mine rocks is 41.9%. An analytical assessment of the volumes of the formed cavities of the mined-out area in the longwall face and gobed mine workings, as well as the prospects and completeness of their filling with mine rocks have been performed. Originality. It has been determined that the loosening coefficient of mine rocks destroyed in the stope face by KA-200 shearer changes according to the logarithmic dependence on their granulometric composition. This makes it possible to control the granulometric characteristics of the backfill material to achieve the maximum density of the backfill mass. Practical implications. Further research can serve as a basis for determining the rational parameters for the formation and placement of backfill masses during complex-mechanized selective mining of coal seams using various methods of backfilling operations.

Investigation of the influence of the properties of the pressed material on the energy consumption and design parameters of the oil press

The article presents ways to obtain alternative sources of protein and fat from perennial crops and insects. The main properties of the material influencing the process of extracting fat from insects are considered. According to the results of the studies, the optimal technological parameters of the dried Hermetia illucens larva were revealed when pressing the fat. The optimum mass fraction of moisture is 15%. At a moisture content of insect biomass of 15%, fat filtration occurs at a pressure of 2.5 MPa. Microwave treatment of the material before pressing reduces the pressure at which the fat is squeezed out – 1.9 MPa at a material heating power of 1000 W. The intensity of heating does not significantly affect the acid number of the fat. Therefore, the most optimal heating power is 1000 W. The granulometric composition of the insect biomass also influences the fat squeezing process. Before pressing the fat, it is necessary to grind the larva to the size of particles passing through a 1 mm sieve in an amount of at least 60% of the total mass. The preparation of the material for the squeezing process has a significant effect on the energy consumption of the process. With a granulometric composition of particles of 1 mm, a moisture content of 15% and heating with a microwave power of 1000 W to 60° C, it provides a process that is 2 times less energy-intensive compared to pressing fat from an unprepared material.

Determination of Length of Individual Pellets and Pellets’ Lengths Distribution

A form and dimensions of fuel particles influence the intensity of their burning and approaches to the mathematic description of the process. Known methods do not allow correctly measuring all pellets’ lengths and describing pellets’ lengths distribution. The purpose of the study is to substantiate method for determining the individual pellet length and to specify statistical characteristics of pellets’ lengths distribution. The purpose was achieved by applying the proposed method of indirect determination of the length of each pellet by weighing it, followed by calculation of the equivalent length and modal cluster analysis of the distribution of pellets by length, based on the probability density distribution. The most noteworthy results are that the experimental calculation of the equivalent length gives results that coincide with direct measurements for pellets of the correct shape, but in contrast to direct measurements can also be used to determine the equivalent lengths of irregularly shaped pellets and their fragments. Clustering allowed grouping pellets around objectively existing local maxima in the probability density distribution, which can be identified at intervals of pellet lengths not exceeding 2 mm. The importance of the obtained results is that the indirect method of determining the length of pellets allows replacing the measurement of pellet lengths by their weighing, which eliminates subjective factors when measuring the length of irregularly shaped pellets and their fragments. Clustering characterised the granulometric composition of pellets with histograms of probability, mass fraction, and average length by clusters. Upon using proposed approaches, granulometric composition of industrially produced pellets was specified and increased probabilities were noted for 8 mm pellets in clusters of smaller lengths, compared to 6 mm pellets; while straw pellets are characterised by a higher probability in clusters with shorter lengths compared to wood pellets

Study of influence of the charge granulometric composition on the quality of burned anodes

Many factors affect the quality of produced anodes: composition and grade of raw materials, recipe, technology, operating parameters, the granulometric composition of charge materials etc. The most significant influence is from the last factor. The article provides research results on the effect of fine fractions on the quality of anodes. The research object is charge of different granulometric composition used to produce anodes at the Kazakhstan Electrolysis plant in Pavlodar. Six types of anode mass with different granulometric composition were prepared for the experiment. The anode mass was made of petroleum coke, pitch, recycled anodes, and dust from filters and grinder produced during coke treatment. Several properties of the specimens were studied. In total, six specimens were made and, specimen № 4 drew particular attention. Its granulometric composition is as following: coarse fractions – 25 %, medium fractions – 20%, fine fractions (grinder dust) – 50 %, and filter dust – 5 %. The results showed that some specifications of anodes, like gas permeability and apparent density that affect anode consumption, are improved as the fineness of dust grinding. For instance, the addition of dust fraction in the charge increases anode density from 1.542 to 1.639 kilogram per cubic decimeters and decreases gas permeability from 1.01 to 0.78 nPm. In addition, the presence of dust fraction minimizes the porosity of the anode block. The results of the investigation help adjust the optimal recipe of anode mass to obtain high-quality anodes.