Investigation of the Zinc-Copper Catalyst NIAP-06-06 for Steam Conversion of Carbon Monoxide in the Synthesis of Methanol

The possibility to use the zinc-copper catalyst NIAP-06-06 for steam conversion of CO in the synthesis of methanol was explored. The catalyst was characterized by means of TPR H2, XRD and SEM methods and tested in the methanol synthesis in flow and circulation modes at a pressure of 5.0 MPa and gas hourly space velocity of 3000 h–1 over a temperature range of 220–260 °С. The catalyst was shown to be highly active and selective toward the methanol synthesis from a gas with the H2 /СО ratio 3.9, which is obtained by steam conversion of methane. The use of tubular catalytic reactors connected in series in the flow-circulation mode makes it possible to convert more than 70 % of CO and obtain crude methanol with the concentration of 95 %. In the circulation mode, a methanol output of 427.7 kg/(m3 cat·h) was achieved on the catalyst.

Catalysts in the Direct Synthesis of Organotin Compounds. III. Reactions of Carbofunctional Organohalogenides with Metallic Tin

This is the third concluding part of a series of reviews devoted to the direct synthesis of organotin compounds. This review considers conditions and results of the interaction between metallic tin and carbofunctional organohalogenides. Efficiency of the catalysts application and advantages of the direct synthesis for the production of carbofunctional organotin compounds are analyzed.

Catalytic Methods for the Production of Sugar Esters

Nowadays, Sugar esters (SEs) have become the focus of researchers due to their biocompatibility and extensive industrial applications as surfactants. This trend provides new methods and opportunities for the development of green synthetic chemistry. Taking the above into consideration, a critical review presented in this work emphasized the efficiency of catalyzing the synthesis of SEs with minimal hazardous by-products. These catalytic media have been employed with various impacts involving chemical, biological, and other catalytic materials. Chemical methods have been reported to show limitations in terms of preparation and bio-compatibility. To solve these shortcomings, therefore, other technologies have been adopted; ionic liquids (eutectic solvents), chemo-enzymatic systems and chemo-enzymatic systems on a catalytic surface. The use of chemo-enzymatic systems on catalytic surfaces has proved to be suitable in solving biocompatibility and stability problems and correspondingly increasing the yield of esters formed. Therefore, finding an improved catalytic surface, and the sustainable optimal reaction conditions for enzymes will be vital to improving sugar ester conversion. This study highlights the different catalytic advances employed in the esterification of SEs.

The Production of Liquid Fuel Products by the Catalytic Hydroliquefaction of Sapropels Using Nickel and Nickel-Tungsten Catalysts

Ni catalysts with the carbon-mineral supports obtained from sapropel were synthesized and studied in the catalytic hydroliquefaction of sapropel. It was found that catalysts with the supports obtained from mineral sapropel are more active as compared to those based on organic sapropel; therewith, bimetallic NiW catalysts showed a higher activity than monometallic nickel, irrespective of the support nature. The conversion of the organic matter of sapropel and the composition of liquid products are affected by both the features of supported metal and the composition of support. The liquid products of hydroliquefaction contain mostly the nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds. The maximum yield of С5-С21 hydrocarbons is achieved for the catalysts with the supports obtained from mineral sapropel. The composition of the liquid products of sapropel hydroliquefaction is similar to that of biofuels obtained from other renewable sources; such products can be introduced in the known schemes of further processing.

Aluminum Oxide Catalysts and Supports Obtained by Thermal Activation

The paper considers the main methods used to obtain aluminum oxides; the advantages of using hydrargillite thermal activation products for the synthesis of catalysts, supports and sorbents; the factors affecting the properties of thermal activation products and aluminum oxides obtained by thermal activation; and examples of the efficient application of hydrargillite centrifugal thermal activation products in the synthesis of catalysts, supports and sorbents.

Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A New Promising Method of its Integrated Processing

The review discusses the results of recent studies in the promising field of integrated processing of lignocellulosic biomass – the reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF). The effect of catalysts, cocatalysts, solvents, hydrogen sources and features of lignocellulosic feedstock on the selectivity of monomeric products formation from lignin is considered. RCF processes are performed mostly with the heterogeneous catalysts, which allow implementing the reductive depolymerization of lignin to obtain low-molecular compounds and preserve carbohydrate components of biomass. Among the studied catalysts based on platinum group metals and transition metals, the highest activity is observed for the catalysts containing Pd, Pt, Ru and Ni. Features of the metal also affect the composition of the resulting products. Thus, ruthenium catalysts make it possible to obtain 4-propylguaiacol as the main product, while Ni and Pd – 4-propanolguaiacol. Mo-containing catalysts, owing to their lower hydrogenating activity, can be used to obtain monolignols or their etherified derivatives with the preservation of carbohydrate components of lignocellulosic biomass. However, most efficient in RCF processes are the bifunctional catalysts, which have both the acidic and metallic active sites. Acidic sites promote the cleavage of the ether β-O-4 bonds, whereas metallic sites – the reduction of the formed intermediate compounds. An important aspect of choosing the appropriate catalysts for RCF process is the possibility of their repeated application. The use of a ferromagnetic catalyst or a catalyst basket allows separating the catalyst from the products.

The Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Strongly Basic Anion-Exchange Styrene-Divinylbenzene Anionites Dowex

The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate in the presence of strongly basic styrene-divinylbenzene anionites Dowex 1×2, Dowex 1×4 and Dowex 1×8 in the –OH form with different cross-linking degree of polystyrene matrix (the divinylbenzene content of 2, 4 and 8 wt.%) at 90–105 °C and a dimethyl carbonate/glycerol molar ratio equal to 2 was studied. The yield of glycerol carbonate was shown to decrease with an increase in the cross-linking degree of the anion-exchange resin. The maximum conversion of glycerol (95 %) and selectivity to glycerol carbonate (45.5 %) were observed in the presence of Dowex 1×2 at 105 °C after 5 h of the reaction. Advantages of the studied systems were demonstrated in comparison with the anion-exchange and cationexchange resins proposed in the literature.

A technology for multifunctional hydroprocessing of oil residues (vacuum residue and atmospheric residue) on the catalysts with hierarchical porosity

A technology for catalytic hydroprocessing of oil residues – atmospheric residue and vacuum residue – aimed to obtain high value added petrochemicals, particularly marine fuel complying with modern technical and environmental requirements, is reported. The technologyis based on the use of catalysts supported on alumina with a hierarchical structure of meso- and macropores, which are highly active and stable under severe conditions of the process. Data obtained by physicochemical analysis of the chemical composition, textural and phase properties of fresh and spent catalysts for the three-step hydroprocessing of atmospheric residue and vacuum residue are presented. A material balance for each step of the processes and a comprehensive analysis of the properties of produced petrochemicals were used to propose variants of implementing and integrating the technology at Russian oil refineries in order to increase the profit from oil refining. The introduction of the hydroprocessing of atmospheric residue at oil refineries without secondary processes will improve the economic efficiency due to selling the atmospheric residue by 84–170 % depending on a chosen scheme of the process and a required set of products. It is reasonable to integrate the catalytic hydroprocessing of vacuum residue with the delayed coking, catalytic cracking and hydrocracking processes in order to increase the depth of refining to 95 % and extend the production of marketable oil refining products: gasoline, diesel fuel, marine fuel with the sulfur content below 0.5 %, and low-sulfur refinery coke for the electrode industry. The integration of the hydroprocessing of vacuum residue with the secondary processes will increase the economic efficiency from selling the vacuum residue by a factor of 2–2.5 in comparison with its production in delayed coking units.

State of the art in the industrial production and application of zeolite-containing adsorbents and catalysts in Russia

The review considers methods for the production of powdered zeolites, which are now manufactured on industrial scale, and granulated zeolite-containing adsorbents and catalysts obtained on their basis; information on the manufacturers of such materials in Russia is provided. Their application in the adsorption dehydration, refinement and separation of gas and liquid media as well as in the catalytic processing of hydrocarbon feedstock in Russia and worldwide is briefly considered.

Methanol to olefins conversion: state of the art and prospects of development

The production of olefins by catalytic transformation of methanol on zeolites and zeotypes is of great interest to scientists and specialists in various fringe areas of national economy. Due to implementation of this process on industrial level, the attention gradually shifts from scientific studies devoted to the synthesis and modification of zeolites and zeotypes with different structure to investigation of pilot and industrial plants and determination of the main economic and environmental characteristics of both the existing and the future plants. In 2019, the development of 26 production sites in China with the annual output of 14 million tons of ethylene and propylene was licensed and 14 plants with the total capacity of 7.67 million tons of ethylene and propylene were launched. The created plants provide a complete cycle of coal processing, which consists of coal gasification units yielding syngas, units for the synthesis of methanol and olefins, their refinement and production of polyethylene and polypropylene. The total output of ethylene and propylene at the launched plants was more than 21 million tons. The paper presents a review of publications on the development and modification of catalysts as well as the technological, economic and environmental aspects of olefins production from methanol, which appeared in foreign journals in the recent five years.