Wind resistance of southern carbonate and ordinary сhernozems in agroforest landscapes of the steppe zone of Russia

Relevance. The rate of destruction of chernozems in the steppe zone as a result of deflation is very high. There is a threat of their loss of the humus horizon. To optimize the complex of protective measures, it is necessary to establish the regularities of the formation of wind resistance of these soils.Methods. The seasonal dynamics of the structure of the upper layer (0–5 cm) of chernozems of the steppe zone of the Lower Volga region and the Central Pre-Caucasus in the network of forest belts is studied. The aggregate composition was determined by fractionation of an air dry sample. The wind resistance of the soil was assessed by the total content of particles with a diameter of less than 1 mm.Results. It has been established that the open surface of southern carbonate chernozems is deflationary dangerous at any time of the year. Two spraying peaks were revealed — in early spring and before harvesting grain crops. In the first period, the content of particles with a diameter of less than 1 mm was 33–47%, in the second — 60–61%. Shelter forest belts reduced soil spraying in the zone of effective influence. A change in the internal structure of the deflationally dangerous fraction was detected during the year. The disintegration of large aggregates and an increase in the volume of smaller ones were observed. By the harvesting period, the number of particles with a diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm decreased by 1.7–2.6 times compared to the spring. Number of aggregates with a diameter of 0.1–0.5 mm, most strongly blown by the wind, increased by 1.3–1.8 times. The total dispersion of ordinary chernozem is almost two times lower than that of southern chernozem. However, the amount of particles with a diameter of 0.1–0.5 mm in the deflationary dangerous fraction of southern carbonate chernozem in the spring period is 37%, during the harvesting period — 50–56%. And in ordinary chernozem, already since the spring, there are more than 55% of such particles, in the future their number increases to 60%. As a result, by the harvesting period, the danger of a fraction with a diameter of less than 1 mm becomes the same for both subtypes of chernozems. This requires adjusting the complex of protective measures.

Influence of biopreparations on formation of elements of productivity of spring barley

Relevance. The strategy for the development of agriculture in Russia and its biologization determine the relevance of our research. Empirical studies are aimed at studying the effect of biological preparations on the formation of elements of the structure of the yield of spring barley. The data presented in the work continues the research carried out in 2016–2020 in the Rostov region.Methods. Studied biopreparations are: Biodux; Trainer; Artafite; Obereg; Fulvogumate. Control — water treatment. Spraying was carried out according to the recommendations for the use of preparations: 1st — in the tillering phase, 2nd — in the heading phase. The total area under the experiments is 600 m2, the area of each variant is 25 m2, the replication is 4 times. The link in the crop rotation is “sunflower — spring barley”. The soils of the experimental plot are ordinary chernozem. Used variety is Leon.Results. In 2021, full sprouting of barley was observed on the 8th day after sowing. This is due to sufficient warming up of the sowing layer of soil (+8 °C) and moisture 28 mm (in a layer of 0–10 cm). Studies have shown that field germination of barley was 88%. The use of biological products influenced the survival rate of plants to harvest which wasmore than 80%. In the variants with the use of Biodux and Obereg, this figure was 86 and 87%, respectively. Biopreparations stimulated the growth of productive stems, productive bushiness increased in comparison with the control (1,21) to 1,28–1,33. The mass of a thousand grains in the variants exceeded the control, especially with the use of Obereg — 45,6 g, which is 2,9 g more than the control. The number of grains in an ear ranged from 17,7 to 18 pieces, which is on average 1 piece more than in the control. The highest productivity was formed by barley plants under the influence of the biopreparations Obereg and Biodux. Thus, the increase in productivity under the influence of biological products due to all elements of the productivity of barley plants has been reliably proven.

Ecological Assessment of Sulfur Content in Agroecosystems of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

Studies were carried out on the territory of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Central Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation. The objects of research were the soil of nature reserves and arable chernozems that were not touched by agricultural activity, typical and common, the vegetation cover of natural biocenoses and agroecosystems, and organic fertilizers. The studies found that the background content of mobile sulfur in virgin soils is at a low level: 2.31 mg/kg - in a typical chernozem and 1.83 mg/kg - in an ordinary chernozem. According to agrochemical monitoring of arable soils carried out during 2015-2018, an increase in the weighted average content of mobile sulfur by 0.7 mg/kg to 3.3 mg/kg was established, compared to 2005-2009. However, the proportion of soils low on this element remains quite high - 90.3%. The main source of sulfur supply to the soils of agroecosystems (7.52 kg/ha) are organic fertilizers, the doses of which in 2015-2018 increased to 8.1 tons/ha. The average sulfur content in the steppe mixture of herbs of reserves is 0.3-0.4 mg/kg. The highest sulfur content among perennial legumes is clover (0.61%) and alfalfa (0.60%), and among legumes - soybeans, containing 0.34% of the element in grain and 0.21% - in straw.

Peculiarities of safflower water consumption under the influence of care techniques on non-herbicide and herbicide background

One of the promising oilseeds in the arid conditions of southern Ukraine is safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Safflower – belongs to the aster family, annual, drought-resistant and heat-resistant plant. Unpretentious to soil types and can even grow on saline soils. It differs in plasticity and good adaptation to external conditions, can be successfully grown on bogar and in the conditions of irrigation. The development of thorns on the leaves and leaves of the wrapper – a form of adaptation of this plant to particularly dry weather conditions. Leaf plates at the end of the juvenile period become stiff and covered with a waxy protective layer, which provides a low coefficient of water consumption. The aim of the research was to study the peculiarities of water consumption of safflower varieties Zhyvchyk and Dobrynya depending on the agricultural practices for the care of crops on herbicidal and herbicide-free backgrounds. The research was conducted in 2017-2018 in the fields of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. The soil of the experimental site – ordinary chernozem, medium-low humus, with a humus content in the arable layer up to 30 cm – 3.5 %, available nitrogen – 7.2-8.5, mobile phosphorus – 9.6-10.3, exchangeable potassium – 15.2-16.9 mg/100 g of soil, pH of the soil solution 6.5-7.0. Sowing of safflower varieties Zhyvchyk and Dobrynya was carried out in the first decade of April with a sowing rate of 240,000 similar seeds per hectare. The system of basic tillage is classical. Options for the use of herbicides: 1. Control – without herbicides; 2. Application of Harness herbicide (2.0 l/ha) under pre-sowing cultivation. Options for care systems: 1. Control – without care; 2. Pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing; 3. Two inter-row cultivations; 4. Post-emergence harrowing and inter-row tillage. The main results of three – year researches on studying of features of water consumption of safflower of the Zhyvchyk and Dobrynya grades depending on introduction of herbicide and carrying out of agricultural receptions on care of crops are resulted in article. Depending on the system of basic tillage, the total moisture reserves in the soil layer 0-100 cm at the beginning of the growing season were 263.7 mm; the amount of precipitation taking into account the utilization factor was 133.5 mm. The total water consumption of the crop was on a herbicide-free background in the variety Zhyvchyk - 233.4-240.8 mm, and in the variety Dobrynya – 235.0-242.7 mm; against the background of herbicide application in the variety Zhyvchyk – 237.1-244.9 mm, and in the variety Dobrynya – 241.4-246.8 mm; carrying out agricultural practices for care led to an increase in total water consumption. The lowest water consumption coefficient – 1590 m3/t in the variety Zhyvchyk and 1501 m3/t in the variety Dobrynya was observed on a herbicidal background with post-emergence harrowing and inter-row cultivation. The highest yield of 1.54 t/ha in the variety Zhyvchyk and 1.64 t/ha in the variety Dobrynya was obtained on a herbicide background using post-emergence harrowing and inter-row tillage.

Features of the formation of spring wheat grain yield in the Volga region

The results of the study of five seeding rates (variants) in the cultivation of spring durum wheat Bezenchukskaya Niva with seed treatment with Scenic Combi preparation (1.4 l/t) in order to identify the optimal rate are presented. On ordinary chernozem for 2017-2020 in the arid conditions of the Volga region, it was found out that when growing a crop for winter wheat, a decrease in seeding rates contributed to an increase in the coefficient of total and productive bushiness, the weight of grain from the ear and plant, the number of grains from the ear. On average, over the years of research, the yield of spring wheat grain at seeding rates of 2.0-5.0 million/ha was 2.00-2.22 t / ha. Under favorable weather conditions, the yield advantage was the norm of 4.0-5.0 million/ha by 6.2-37 %, in the acutely arid 2.0-3.0 million / ha by 3.4-16.4 % more, compared to other options. Wheat yield was most affected by the air temperature during the growing season (r=-0.97* to -0.99*). Of the elements of the structure, the maximum conjugacy with the yield at the norms of 1.0-4.0 is noted with the number and weight of grain from the ear and plant, the height of the plants (r=0,97*-1,0**). On average, over the years of research, the highest net income was established on the variants with the norm of 3.0-4.0 million / ha-17100.4-17442.8 rubles / ha, which is 761.9-1704.7 rubles/ha (4.7-10.8 %) more than the variants with the norm of 2.0 and 5.0 million/ha. The maximum level of profitability was revealed at the rate of 1.0 million / ha-194.6 %, which is 9.6-41.3% more than the options with the rate of 2.0-4.0 million / ha. Based on the conducted research, the seeding rate of 2.0-4.0 million/ha is recommended for the cultivation of spring durum wheat for commercial purposes. In the original seed production – 1.0 and 2.0 million/ha, providing a multiplication factor of up to 57.8 kg/kg of grain.

Condition and promising directions of tomato selection for open ground of Russia

Несовершенство используемого сортимента – серьезная проблема при выращивании томата в открытом грунте, в том числе и на юге России. Возделывают как старые малоурожайные сорта, так и импортные с низкой адаптивностью. Необходим переход на современные технологии возделывания, позволяющие более полно проявить продуктивный потенциал новых сортов и гибридов томата. Цель исследований: оценка современного состояния и определение перспектив селекции томата для условий открытого грунта юга России. Исследования проводили в открытом грунте ССЦ «Ростовский» компании «Поиск», расположенном в Октябрьском районе Ростовской области в 2016–2020 годах. Материалом для исследований служили сорта и гибриды томата отечественной и иностранной селекции, рекомендованные к использованию в Российской Федерации для возделывания в открытом грунте. Основными лимитирующими факторами в период выращивания томата в открытом грунте были высокие температуры, низкая относительная влажность воздуха и недостаточное естественное увлажнение. Почвы в опытах представлены черноземом обыкновенным с содержанием гумуса 3,6%, рН – 7,8. Рассаду томата выращивали в кассетах в разводочной необогреваемой теплице с забегом 30 дней. Растения высаживали по схеме 70×30 см. Срок высадки – 2–3 декада мая при прогреве почвы на глубине 10 см до 8–10 °C и отсутствии опасности заморозков. Технология возделывания включала капельное орошение и систему фертигации. Учеты и наблюдения за растениями вели по общепринятым методикам. В исследованиях установлена необходимость создания сортимента с высокой продуктивностью, лежкостью и транспортабельностью, устойчивостью к биотическим и абиотическим факторам среды, с признаками пригодности для конкретных направлений использования. Особое значение имеет создание сортов и гибридов томата с высокими потребительскими качествами, а также раннеспелых. Наряду с созданием сортимента для промышленного производства есть потребность в создании эксклюзивных сортов и гибридов, спрос на которые имеет тенденцию к росту, в том числе в товарном секторе. The problem when growing tomatoes in the open ground is the imperfection of the assortment used, including South of Russia. Both old low-yielding varieties and imported ones with low adaptability are cultivated. It is necessary to switch to new cultivation technologies that allow us to more fully demonstrate the productive potential of new varieties and hybrids of tomato. The purpose of the research is to assess the current state and determine the prospects of tomato breeding for open ground conditions in Russia. The research was carried out in the open ground of the Rostovskiy breeding and seed production centre of Poisk Agrofirm, located in the Oktyabrsky district of the Rostov region in 2016–2020. The research materials were varieties and hybrids of tomato of domestic and foreign selection, recommended for use in the Russian Federation for cultivation in the open ground. The main limiting factors during the period of growing tomatoes in the open ground were high temperatures, low relative humidity and insufficient natural moisture. The soils in the experiments are represented by ordinary chernozem with a humus content of 3.6%, pH – 7.8. Tomato seedlings were grown in cassettes in a non-heated greenhouse with a run of 30 days. The plants were planted according to the scheme of 70×30 cm. The planting period is 2–3 decades of May when the soil is heated at a depth of 10 cm to 8–10 °C and there is no danger of frost. Cultivation technology with drip irrigation and fertigation system. Records and observations of plants were conducted according to generally accepted methods. The research has established the need to create a assortment with high productivity, shelf life and transportability, resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, with signs of suitability for specific areas of use. Of particular importance is the creation of tomato varieties and hybrids with high consumer qualities, as well as early-ripening ones. Along with the creation of assortment for industrial production, there is a need to create exclusive varieties and hybrids, the demand for which tends to grow, including in the commodity sector.

FORMATION OF MATERIAL AND ENERGY COSTS IN THE GRAIN-TILLAGE LINK OF CROP ROTATION DURING PLOWING, SURFACE AND ZERO (CHEMICAL) PROCESSING OF ORDINARY CHERNOZEM

The purpose of the research was to determine the material, energy and other indicators for the cul-tivation of crops of the crop rotation link using fertilizers, pesticides and effective growth stimu-lators for different-depth basic soil treatment. It was found that the crops of the grain-tillage rota-tion link, which were cultivated by plowing to a depth of 22-24 cm (control), surface treatment to a depth of 6-8 cm and zero (chemical) treatment significantly changed their productivity, and also formed various production, and therefore energy costs. The yield of oilseed flax was 1.70 t / ha, winter wheat-6.23 t / ha, mogar grain of crop sowing-0.49 t / ha, mogar hay-1.74 t / ha, peas-3.86 t/ha. The yield of these crops obtained using the no-till technology was, respectively, at 12- 3- 0 – 4 the percentage is lower than in the control. The largest net income (64090 rubles / ha), the amount of additional energy (220998 Mj) and the energy efficiency coefficient (3.5) were formed during surface tillage for crops of the crop rotation link, including due to the mogar of crop sow-ing, respectively 3370 rubles/ha and 243208 Mj. Cultivation of 4 field crops in 3 agricultural years significantly increases the economic and bioenergetic efficiency of production and can be applied in other regions.

Enzyme activity in assessing the effects of fumigation with soil smoke

As a result of fires, in addition to the fire itself and high temperatures, smoke from combustion products has a significant effect on the biota. The aim of the work was to assess the effect of fumigation with combustion products of plant origin on the biology activity of ordinary chernozem. In a series of model experiments, the reaction of soil enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, invertase, urease, phosphatase) to the smoke of the studied soil with products of thermal decomposition of plant materials (foliage, needles, straw, wood chips) is shown. A significant decrease in the enzyme activity of the studied enzymes was revealed in the range from 7% to 33%, depending on the time spent under the smoke of chernozem (15–120 minutes). The highest sensitivity to fumigation was noted for enzymes of the class of oxidoreductases: catalase, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase. Thus, a significant sensitivity and information content of the indicators of the enzyme activity of soils on the effect of smoke has been established, which can be used in monitoring the consequences of fires. Keywords: PYROGENIC EFFECTS, WILDFIRE, COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, CHERNOZEM, BIOLOGY ACTIVITY

Evaluation of triticale variety samples by crop structure elements

Breeding improvement of triticale requires the search for genetic sources for hybridization. Our research aims at identifying high-yielding genotypes of winter triticale and determining the influence of structural elements on this indicator to optimizing selection during the breeding process. In 2014–2018, fifty variety samples of triticale were studied in the North Caucasus Federal Agricultural Research Centre. Soil – ordinary chernozem, medium loamy, medium-thick, low-humus. Black fallow preceded all × Triticosecale Wittmack samples. The experiment was laid having only one replication. The area of the plot was 1 m2. Triticale variety ‘Valentin 90’ served as a standard. We identified 25 medium-yielding and 25 high-yielding varieties. Grain yield in the first group was lower than in the second one and amounted to 784 ± 191 g/m2 and 1024 ± 202 g/m2, respectively. High-yielding samples exceeded the average-yielding ones in the number of spikelets (32.0 ± 2.17 and 31.2 ± 2.18 pieces), grains per ear (69.1 ± 13.0 and 64.5 ± 10.6 pieces) and weight of grain per ear (3.26 ± 0.61 and 3.00 ± 0.61 g). The yield and weight of grain per ear vary significantly (Cv > 20 %). Ear size, number of grains in the ear and spikelet, 1000 grain weight and triticale ear density do not vary much (Cv > 10 %). The most stable trait is the number of spikelets per ear (Cv < 10 %). A weak positive correlation was observed between the yield and number of grains per spikelet (r = 0.18 ± 0.06), yield and ear (r = 0.22 ± 0.06), as well as yield and weight of grain per ear (r = 0.29 ± 0.06). In the group of high-yielding variety samples, there was a reliable weak negative correlation between the yield and number of spikelets per ear (r = −0.32 ± 0.08), between the yield and ear density (r = −0.24 ± 0.09). Grain yield of more than 1.000 g/m2 had the following variety samples – ‘Ugo’, ‘RAH 121/04’, ‘Kitaro’, ‘Tewo’, ‘Ratne’, ‘Slavetne’, ‘Adas’, ‘Dar Belorussii’, ‘Dinamo’, ‘Dinaro’, ‘Liniya 71’, ‘Lamberto’, ‘PRAG 203/1’, ‘Nemchinovsky 1’ and ‘Valentin 90’ (standard).