scholarly journals CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehre Munir
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Mobile Telephone ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation

Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of mobile and wireless communications. This thesis deals with the comparative study of wireless cellular technologies namely First Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation, and Fourth Generation. A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. The First Generation were referred to as cellular, which was later shortened to “cell”, Cell phone signals were based on analog system transmissions, and First Generation devices were comparatively less heavy and expensive. Second Generation phones deploy GSM technology. Global System for Mobile communications or GSM uses digital modulation to improve voice quality but the network offers limited data service. The Third Generation revolution allowed mobile telephone customers to use audio, graphics and video applications. Fourth Generation is short for fourth-generation cell phones or/and hand held devices.

scholarly journals Parameters of the seasonal cycle of Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) in the plains and foothills of the Northwestern Caucasus

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-128
Author(s):  
В.И. Щуров ◽  
А.С. Замотайлов
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
The Third ◽  
Female Immigrant ◽  
Northwestern Caucasus

Развитие первой генерации Corythucha arcuata в предгорьях и низкогорьях Северо-Западного Кавказа начинается в первых числах мая. При нижнем пороге пост-диапаузного развития имаго +11°С и при естественной длине дня ей требуется не менее 43 суток (аккумуляция 333-404 гр.-дн.). Гибель перезимовавших самок в этой зоне наблюдается к концу июня, совпадая с сокращением общей доли самок до 2-7%. В высокогорьях перезимовавшие имаго расселяются и в июне, доживая до июля на ивах и березах. Пик выхода имаго первого поколения приходится на конец июня. Массовая яйцекладка самками первого поколения (начало второго поколения) предваряется миграцией оплодотворенных самок на новые кормовые растения. Развитие преимагиальных стадий второго поколения (без смены кормовых растений) протекает с середины июня. Метаморфоз длится не менее 16-23 суток (361-430 гр.-дн.). Пик выхода имаго второго поколения в конце июля совпадает с массовым расселением, в котором всегда преобладают самки. Третье поколение развивается в августе. Метаморфоз занимает 19-28 суток (329-350 гр.-дн.). Пик выхода имаго третьего поколения приходится на первую декаду сентября. Его предваряет более ранний выход самцов, определяемый по их локальным и региональным миграциями с конца августа. Четвертое поколение является факультативным и развивается (без смены кормовых растений) с конца августа до третьей декады сентября. Развитие преимагиальных стадий этого поколения занимает не менее 26 суток (378 гр.-дн.). Последняя миграция клопов наблюдается в начале-середине октября. Самки третьего поколения первыми уходят в места зимовки в предгорьях и низкогорьях уже в середине сентября. Здесь, в дубовых лесах, зимуют имаго третьего и четвертого поколений обычно с преобладанием самок. В среднегорьях с ними могут зимовать особи-иммигранты второго поколения, но с преобладанием самцов, сохраняющимся с сентября. Development of the first generation of Corythucha arcuata in the climate of the foothills and lowlands of the Northwest Caucasus starts in the early May. With a natural day length and the threshold for post-diapause imago development of 11 °C, it requires 333-404 degree-days and at least 43 days. The death of the overwintered females in this zone is observed by the end of June, coinciding with the reduction of the total portion of females to 2-7%. In the highlands imagoes are dispersing in June as well, surviving until July on willows and birch trees. Peak of the first-generation imago outcome occurs at the end of June. Migration of fertilized females of the first generation to new forage plants is followed by mass egg laying (i.e. beginning of the second generation). During the formation of large nests in the foothills, the flight of bugs is observed even in treeless highlands. Development of the preadult stages of the second generation (without changing feed plants) takes place starting at mid-June. Metamorphosis requires 361-430 degree-days and takes at least 16-23 days. The peak of the emergence of the second generation imagoes at the end of July coincides with their dispersal, which is also dominated by females. The third generation develops in August. It requires 329-350 degree-days and takes 19-28 days. The peak of the emergence of the G3 imagoes falls on the first third of September. It is preceded by anearlier emergence of males, determined by their mass local and regional migrations since the end of August. The fourth generation is obligated and develops (without changing feed plants) from the end of August to the end of September. It requires at least 378 degree-days and takes at least 26 days. Late nymphs resulting from female immigrant of the third generation (on new trees) give imagoes only by mid-October. The last migration of bugs is observed in early to mid-October. Imagoes of the third and fourth generations with the predominance of females hibernate in the oak forests of the foothills and low-mountain. In the midlands they may be accompanied by the overwintering immigrants of the second generation, with the predominance of males, formed in September.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN TEMA PUISI-PUISI PENYAIR BANGKALAN: KAJIAN SEJARAH SASTRA

ATAVISME ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-180
Author(s):  
Muhri Muhri
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Common Interests

This research aims to classify the Bangkalan poets into generations and trends on the themes of each generation. The underlying theories are those that affect the subdiscipline of literary history, especially the theories within the deconstructive paradigm. Data were obtained through interviews and study of literary work, namely the works of Bangkalan poets. From the analysis, generation of poets of Bangkalan can be divided into four generations based on tradition and common interests as manifested in the organization or forum where those poets gather. The first generation was in the Arts Council of Bangkalan (Dewan Kesenian Bangkalan or DKB), the second generation was raised in the Tera' Bulan Community, the third generation came from the campus theater communities around Bangkalan, and the fourth generation was in Masyarakat Lumpur Community and Bawah Arus Community. Metaphysical and social were dominant themes in the early generation, libidinal love theme was a theme that tended to appear in the second generation, local and lyrical themes tended to emerge in the third and fourth generation.

Four generations of nuclear physicists

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-94 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Industrial Societies

TO review the course of nuclear physics over many decades of time in the space of an hour’s talk and yet leave time for predicting its future requires a rather impressionistic technique in the presentation. I have chosen as my time markers the human generations which, as I hope you will see, also mark distinct phases in the development of the subject. Conventionally, a generation spans twenty-five years; hence a hundred years covers four generations. The first generation was that of Rutherford and Bohr, followed in the second generation by Heisenberg, Pauli, Blackett, Fermi and their contemporaries, many of whom are here today. The third generation is represented by the nuclear physicists of my own age and finally the fourth generation are those young physicists, now about 25 years old, on whom the development of this subject will depend in the next twenty-five years. I will try to trace through these generations four main themes each of which, in different ways, affects the future of nuclear physics. Firstly, and most importantly, the progress of the research itself; secondly, the development of the research apparatus; thirdly, the evolution of the organization of the research and lastly, the relationships between nuclear physics and the industrial societies which support it.

scholarly journals Aestivation in apple leafcurling midge (Diptera Cecidomyiidae) parasitoid Platygaster demades Walker (Hymenoptera Platygastridae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.Z. He ◽  
Q. Wang
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Dasineura Mali

This study reports an investigation on the aestivation and overwintering strategies of Platygaster demades an egg parasitoid of apple leafcurling midge (ALCM) Dasineura mali under natural conditions during 2005 2006 The first three generations of ALCM developed into adults during the springautumn of 2005/2006 and the fourth generation overwintered as larvae All first generation P demades emerged in the spring of 2005 About 64 of live individuals of P demades in the second generation and 38 in the third generation entered aestivation as eggs which hatched in mid March and early May 2006 respectively Parasitoid eggs of the fourth generation started to hatch four weeks after the parasitised ALCM larvae entered the soil The aestivated and fourth generation parasitoids overwintered as immature stages and started emerging in late September 2006 The emergence patterns of overwintered parasitoids and ALCM were highly synchronized in the following season

The Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson (Acarina: Tetranychidae), on Apple in Nova Scotia.: I. Influence of Intratree Distribution on the Selection of Sampling Units. II. Differences in Habits and Seasonal Trends in Orchards With Bivoltine and Trivoltine Populations. III. Distribution of Diapause Eggs. IV. Hatching of Diapause Eggs

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1303-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Sample Unit ◽  
The Third ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractIn Nova Scotia one leaf cluster with an adjoining 1 inch of twig taken from the inside of each of 10 apple trees replicated four times is an adequate sample unit to measure the density of the brown mite.The brown mite has one generation with a partial second in some orchards and one with a partial second and partial third in others. The first generation adults in the bivoltine and trivoltine populations lay summer eggs on the leaves and twigs, and diapause eggs on tin twigs. The second generation adults in the bivoltine populations lay only diapause eggs; in the trivoltine populations they lay both summer and diapause eggs. The adults of the third generation lay only diapause eggs.The brown mite is found on both the leaves and woody parts of the tree. In orchards with bivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80% by mid-July, but thereafter gradually decreased to 10% by the end of August. However, in orchards with trivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80 to 90% by mid-July, remained constant until mid-August, and thereafter decreased to approximately 40% by the end of August.The number of diapause eggs laid by adults of each generation in both the bivoltine and trivoltine populations varies widely. The eggs are deposited on the trunk as well as on the branches, with the heaviest deposition in the central area of the tree. The diapause eggs laid by adults of the first generation are the last to hatch and those laid by the third generation are the first to hatch the following spring.The factors responsible for the differences in the number of generations and in the number of diapause eggs laid are unknown.

Distillery Configurations

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Karl Raitz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Railroad Tracks ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Capacity Output

Early-nineteenth-century farmers and millers were often craft distillers, mashing and fermenting grain meal in wooden barrels before distilling the liquid in small copper pot stills. Waterwheels powered the first-generation creek-side mills and distilleries. Wood fueled early steam engines; the use of coal required access to better transportation. Second-generation distilleries, operating from the 1830s to the 1880s, used traditional pot stills,although some adopted new column stills, perfected in Scotland, when they began to mechanize. Old still buildings were often modified to accommodate new machinery. Distillers stored whiskey-filled wooden barrels in stack warehouses to age. Industrialization required a larger labor force. By 1880, businesses in Louisville and other river cities were producing steam engines, boilers, and related equipment. Third-generation distilleries operated from the 1880s to 1920; their high-capacity output required more grain and fuel, mandating locations near railroad tracks or navigable rivers. Complementary industries such as cooperages, metal fabricators, slaughterhouses, and tanneries were attracted to urban, rail-side distilleries.

Failure properties of 352 explanted silicone-gel breast implants

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Peters ◽  
Dennis Smith ◽  
Stanley Lugowski
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Breast Implants ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Silicone Gel ◽  
Failure Properties

There have been three generations of silicone-gel breast implants. First generation implants (thick wall – thick gel with Dacron patches) were made from 1963 to 1972. Second generation implants (thin wall-thin gel) were made from 1972 until the mid 1980s. The introduction of third generation implants (stronger wall, low-bleed) was geographically dependent. In Canada, Dow Corning Silastic II implants were introduced in 1986, and Surgitek SCL implants were introduced in 1988. In the present study, a total of 352 silicone-gel breast implants were removed from 239 patients between 1981 and 1995. Their failure properties were dependent upon their generation (year of manufacture) and, for second generation implants, their duration in situ. Of the 352 implants, 20 were first generation, and all were fully intact. Twenty-eight were third generation implants, and 27 were fully intact. Failure properties of the 302 second generation implants were dependent upon their duration of implantation. A survival curve indicated that these implants began to fail (by leaking or rupturing) after four years in situ. By six years, 40% had failed. After 12 years, 95% had failed. Of the 171 second generation implants removed between 1991 and 1995, 77% had failed. The failure properties were similar for the three main manufacturers: Dow Corning, Heyer-Schulte and Surgitek. The failure rate for second generation implants is much higher than was previously believed. This is particularly significant in view of the current difficulty in diagnosing implant failure.

scholarly journals Development of a Divergent Route to Erythrina Alkaloids

Synlett ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper L. Kristensen ◽  
Sebastian Clementson ◽  
Mikkel Jessing ◽  
Paulo J. Vital
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Total Synthesis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Enantioselective Synthesis ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Erythrina Alkaloids ◽  
The 19Th Century

Erythrina alkaloids were identified at the end of the 19th century and today, more than 100 members of the erythrinane family have been isolated. They are characterized by a unique tetracyclic, α-tertiary spiroamine scaffold. Herein we detail our efforts towards the development of a divergent enantioselective synthesis of (+)-dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE) – one of the most prominent members of this intriguing family of natural products.1 Introduction2 Synthetic Strategy2.1 First Generation2.2 Second Generation2.3 Third Generation2.3.1 Radical Endgame2.3.2 Completion of the Total Synthesis3 Conclusion

Brominated β-Alkoxyvinyl Trihalomethyl Ketones as Promising Synthons in Heterocyclic Synthesis

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (14) ◽  
pp. 2008-2016
Author(s):  
Mateus Mittersteiner ◽  
Nilo Zanatta ◽  
Helio G. Bonacorso ◽  
Marcos A. P. Martins
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Cycloaddition Reactions ◽  
Heterocyclic Synthesis

5-Bromo- and 5,5-dibromo-1,1,1-trihalo-4-methoxypent-3-en-2-ones (brominated enones) have proven to be attractive building blocks for the construction of heterocyclic and polyheterocyclic compounds bearing a trihalomethyl moiety through interesting cyclocondensation, alkylation, and cycloaddition reactions. This review compiles all of the reactions conducted with these brominated enones since they were first disclosed in 2001.1 Introduction2 Synthesis and Initial Applications3 Synthesis Using First-Generation Intermediates4 Synthesis Using Second-Generation Intermediates5 Synthesis Using Third-Generation Intermediates6 Conclusions

scholarly journals Oral Contraceptive Types in Relation to ABO Blood Groups Among Saudi Women of Different Reproductive Age Groups and Impact on Venous Thromboembolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 107602962096605
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman B. O. Mohamed ◽  
Nabeel Al-Ama ◽  
Huda Al Kreathy ◽  
Khalid H. B. Ahmed ◽  
Turki Al Amri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Abo Blood Groups ◽  
Saudi Women

Saudi women have recently started using oral contraceptives (OCs), which has led to risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The risk varies with the type of OC generations used, and with OC use the risk for VTE increases by 2- to 6-fold. This study evaluated the effect of OC types in relation to ABO blood group on the risk of VTE among Saudi women. Thrombin generation (TG) was measured in the plasma of the women in the presence and absence of platelet rich plasma, platelet poor plasma and thrombomodulin or activated protein C. OC usage increased TG parameters ETP and Peak height by 9.81% and 16.04%, respectively. An increased risk of VTE was seen among women on third generation OCs as compared to those on second generation products. Within OC generations, we found that for women using fourth generation OCs, their ETP increased by 36.18% as compared to those using second generation and by 6.07% in those using third generation compared to those using second generation. There was significant difference with respect to ABO blood groups and OC generation types, but larger sample size is required. Women who are 40 years and older and using third generation OC had a higher risk of having thrombosis (11.84%), as compared to those using second generation OC (8.79%) and to those using fourth generation OC (5.03%). An association between different OC groups and non-O blood group in thrombosis generation was noted. TG parameters were significantly increased in relation to BMI when comparing to OC users versus non-users. In addition, inhibition of TG parameters in the presence of recombinant human thrombomodulin (TM) and activated protein C (APC) were significantly increased.

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