Distillery Configurations

Early-nineteenth-century farmers and millers were often craft distillers, mashing and fermenting grain meal in wooden barrels before distilling the liquid in small copper pot stills. Waterwheels powered the first-generation creek-side mills and distilleries. Wood fueled early steam engines; the use of coal required access to better transportation. Second-generation distilleries, operating from the 1830s to the 1880s, used traditional pot stills,although some adopted new column stills, perfected in Scotland, when they began to mechanize. Old still buildings were often modified to accommodate new machinery. Distillers stored whiskey-filled wooden barrels in stack warehouses to age. Industrialization required a larger labor force. By 1880, businesses in Louisville and other river cities were producing steam engines, boilers, and related equipment. Third-generation distilleries operated from the 1880s to 1920; their high-capacity output required more grain and fuel, mandating locations near railroad tracks or navigable rivers. Complementary industries such as cooperages, metal fabricators, slaughterhouses, and tanneries were attracted to urban, rail-side distilleries.

Managing transport properties in composite electrodes/electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-based batteries

In the global competition for ultimate electrochemical energy storage systems, proper tailoring of the ionic/electronic conductive pathways connecting solid electrolyte and active material particles in the electrodes is essential for achieving full capacity output of Li-based secondary batteries.

Discussion of the Performance of VRB Based on Modeling by Using EKF to Estimate SOC

There are several ongoing researchers on searching for an appropriate model to describe the characteristic of Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRB) .Based on one of these models, a SOC estimator of VRB- Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is advanced. And then, update the VRB model by using EKF to estimate SOC when simulation in SIMULINK. At last, the effects of the temperature and operating current on performance of VRB, including battery capacity, output voltage, efficiencies are discussed.

Trends in the Use of Large Trucks by Truckload and Less-Than-Truckload Motor Carriers in the 1990s

Using information from the Economic Census, Motor Carrier Financial and Operating Statistics, and the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, trends are examined in specialization and in vehicle use in the truckload (TL) and less-than-truckload (LTL) segments of the for-hire trucking industry. The VIUS data show that capacity, output, and intensity of use vary significantly by segment. TL firms have almost three times as many large trucks as LTL firms and operate more than three times the annual total miles, a consequence of the fact that TL firms use their vehicles more intensely (mean annual miles) than LTL firms. This gap, however, closed slightly during the 1990s. Both types of operations shifted vehicles away from local toward long-haul service in the 1990s, but LTL, which is less specialized in this regard, shifted more sharply.

Parametric analysis of the properties of selected mixing feeding wagons

Eight different mixing feeding wagons (MFW) were investigated under identical conditions in preparing total mixed rations (TMR) for three various cattle categories. Investigated were the uniformity of distribution of the feed into the trough, homogeneity of TMR distributed, the machine capacity in feed extracting from storage and loading, TMR mixing and distributing into the trough, fuel consumption and power consumption required. The least uniformity was found for TMR with a high hay proportion (average value of standard deviation 49.9%). Better results were achieved with MFW designed with horizontal mixing augers (average standard deviation 33.7%). MFW with vertical augers distributed feeds at average standard deviation of 61.3%. Standard deviation of the proportion of feed particles on the separator screens which is considered as a measure of TMR homogeneity, was bellow 20% in most cases. This suggests a hint of a very good mixing efficiency of all the MFW followed up. No influence of different designs of the working elements of MFW on TMR homogeneity has been proved. With respect to the machine capacity (output) in preparing and distributing TMR, no large differences between various MFW were found and their output averaged from all measurements varied within the range of 4.79–5.48 t/h. The least average specific consumption of fuel for preparing and distributing TMR was found in the MFW equipped with vertical mixing augers (1.10–1.11 l/t). MFW with one horizontally mounted mixing auger showed a rather higher fuel consumption (1.30–1.43 l/t). The highest fuel consumption was found with MFW equipped with two parallely mounted mixing augers (1.59–1.63 l/t).

BECKMANN'S EDGEWORTH-BERTRAND DUOPOLY EXAMPLE REVISITED

In the Edgeworth-Bertrand price game, each player has a capacity output, faces the same market demand, and calls out a price. The high-price caller gets some residual market at her price. The low-price caller gets her capacity at her price or all of the market. We re-work Beckmann's closed form solution to his symmetric version of this game, mostly in mixed strategies, and observe that expected price played by a player declines with the size of her exogenously given capacity.

Employment Impact of Fringe Benefits in Canadian Manufacturing Sector : 1957-1965

The paper analyzes the growing costs of various fringe benefits in Canada and their impact on expanding employment. The empirical evidence is in support of fringe barrier hypothesis but not until labour turnover costs are added to fringe costs. It emphasizes that Canadian data on fringe benefits and overtime are extremely inadequate therefore, at the present time, no conclusive study is possible without collecting data on overtime, describing the causes of assigning it internally in a factory. This study attempted to fill in this gap by suggesting that external factors such as skill shortages and capacity output are not significant determinants of overtime.

Buyback Programs for Overcapitalized Fisheries: Approaches, Experiences, and Impacts for Southeast Fisheries: Discussion

Both of the papers presented in this session deal with various aspects of buyback programs for fisheries. Each paper highlights the need to rationalize capacity output in fisheries in which property rights are poorly specified. However, neither paper places buyback programs into a consistent framework in which the distinction between capacity reduction and capacity utilization is clearly recognized. This distinction is important in order to elicit the most appropriate policy response (particularly with respect to buybacks) to degraded fishery resources.