Functional, Structural, and Functional-Structural Classifications of Chinese Cardinal Numerals

L.L. Bankova;

doi:10.26907/2541-7738.2021.4-5.175-193

Functional, Structural, and Functional-Structural Classifications of Chinese Cardinal Numerals

Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki ◽

10.26907/2541-7738.2021.4-5.175-193 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 163 (4–5) ◽

pp. 175-193

Author(s):

L.L. Bankova ◽

Keyword(s):

Substantial Contribution ◽

Functional Classification ◽

Structural Classification ◽

Digit Position

Classification of cardinal numerals is an important step in studying Chinese numerals. The study is carried out in the framework of the functional, structural (morphemic), and functional-structural (combined) classification approaches, as well as in accordance with the integrity of numerals and the accuracy of their quantifying properties. Chinese numerals are considered from the perspective of the first three classifications. The results obtained reveal the nomenclature volatility of Chinese cardinal numerals with the same classification group having several names to denote it. Hence, the article attempts to streamline the respective terminology. The functional classification divides cardinal numerals into coefficient and digit-position numerals. The cases when digit-position numerals may function as coefficient numerals are analyzed. In the framework of the structural classification, it is suggested to divide cardinal numerals into simple (coefficient) and compound ones, the latter being broken into additive (elementary and miscellaneous) and multiplicative. The article also focuses on answering the question of whether compound numerals should be regarded as words or phrases. The conclusion is made that they should be perceived as words. The functional-structural classification makes a substantial contribution to the study of Chinese cardinal numerals. The classification has not been introduced to the Russian sinology yet. This fact entails the necessity to translate the respective terms and expressions, the choice of which is explained in this article. The variations of the combined functional-structural classification introduced by Zhu Dexi, Guan Yanqìng, Xiao Guozheng, and Li Yingzhe are discussed. Based on the analysis of these variations, an understanding of the combined functional-structural division of Chinese cardinal numerals is suggested.

Download Full-text

Objective and parametric methods used in functional classification disabled swimmers

Physiotherapy ◽

10.2478/physio-2013-0022 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Natalia Uścinowicz ◽

Wojciech Seidel ◽

Paweł Zostawa ◽

Sebastian Klich

Keyword(s):

Medical Diagnosis ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Subjective Assessment ◽

Fair Play ◽

Functional Classification ◽

Kinematic Parameters ◽

Athletes With Disabilities ◽

Rule Out

AbstractThe recent Olympic Games in London incited much interest in the competition of disabled athletes. Various people connected with swimming, including coaches and athletes, have speculated about the fairness of competitions of disabled athletes. A constant problem are the subjective methods of classification in disabled sport. Originally, athletes with disabilities were classified according to medical diagnosis. Due to the injustice which still affects the competitors, functional classification was created shortly after. In the present review, the authors show the anomalies in the structure of the classification. The presented discovery led to the suggestion to introduce objective methods, thanks to which it would be no longer necessary to rely on the subjective assessment of the classifier. According to the authors, while using objective methods does not completely rule out the possibility of fraud by disabled athletes in the classification process, it would certainly reduce their incidence. Some of the objective methods useful for the classification of disabled athletes are: posturography, evaluation of the muscle parameters, electrogoniometric assessment, surface electromyography, and analysis of kinematic parameters. These methods have provide objective evaluation in the diagnostic sense but only if they are used in tandem. The authors demonstrate the undeniable benefits of using objective methods. Unfortunately, there are not only advantages of such solution, there also several drawbacks to be found. The conclusion of the article is the statement by the authors that it is right to use objective methods which allow to further the most important rule in sport: fair-play.

Download Full-text