Fuels and fire behavior from masticated treatments burned in laboratory and field experiments in thinned 30-yr old pine plantations, Idaho

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Morgan ◽  
Zachary D. Lyon ◽  
Aaron M. Sparks ◽  
Alistair M. S. Smith ◽  
Robert F. Keefe
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Pine Plantations

scholarly journals Pine Plantations and Invasion Alter Fuel Structure and Potential Fire Behavior in a Patagonian Forest-Steppe Ecotone

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Paritsis ◽  
Jennifer Landesmann ◽  
Thomas Kitzberger ◽  
Florencia Tiribelli ◽  
Yamila Sasal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Patagonian Forest

scholarly journals Why is the Effect of Live Fuel Moisture Content on Fire Rate of Spread Underestimated in Field Experiments in Shrublands?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Pimont ◽  
Julien Ruffault ◽  
Nicolas Martin ◽  
Jean-Luc Dupuy
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Power Functions ◽  
Random Measurement Error ◽  
Live Fuel Moisture ◽  
Fuel Moisture Content

Live fuel moisture content (LFMC) influences fire activity at landscape scale and fire behavior in laboratory experiments. However, field evidences linking LFMC to fire behavior are very limited despite numerous field experiments. In the present study, we reanalyze a shrubland fire dataset with a special focus on LFMC to explain this counterintuitive outcome. We found that this controversy might result from three reasons. First, the range of experimental LFMC  data was too moist to reveal significant effect with the widespread exponential or power functions. Indeed, LFMC exhibited a strong effect below 100%, but marginal above this threshold, contrary to these functions. Second, we found that the LFMC significance was unlikely when the size of the dataset was smaller than 40. Finally, a complementary analysis suggested that 10 to 15% of random measurement error in variables could lead to an underestimation by 30 % of the LFMC effect. The effect of LFMC in field experiments is thus stronger than previously reported in the range prevailing during the actual French fire season and in accordance with observations at different scales. This highlights the need to improve our understanding of the relationship between LFMC and fire behavior to refine fire danger predictions.

Incorporating field wind data into FIRETEC simulations of the International Crown Fire Modeling Experiment (ICFME): preliminary lessons learned

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodman Linn ◽  
Kerry Anderson ◽  
Judith Winterkamp ◽  
Alyssa Brooks ◽  
Michael Wotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Fire Modeling ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Crown Fire ◽  
Modeling Experiment

Field experiments are one way to develop or validate wildland fire-behavior models. It is important to consider the implications of assumptions relating to the locality of measurements with respect to the fire, the temporal frequency of the measured data, and the changes to local winds that might be caused by the experimental configuration. Twenty FIRETEC simulations of International Crown Fire Modeling Experiment (ICFME) plot 1 and plot 6 fires were performed using horizontally homogenized fuels. These simulations enable exploration of the sensitivity of model results to specific aspects of the interpretation and use of the locally measured wind data from this experiment. By shifting ignition times with respect to dynamic measured tower wind data by up to 2 min, FIRETEC simulations are used to examine possible ramifications of treating the measured tower winds as if they were precisely the same as those present at the location of the fire, as well as possible implications of temporal averaging of winds or undersampling. Model results suggest that careful consideration should be paid to the relative time scales of the wind fluctuations, duration of the fires, and data collection rates when using experimentally derived winds as inputs for fire models.

Electron Microscopy of the Shape of Small Metal Particles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
M. Jose Yacaman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Metal Particle ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Bragg Condition ◽  
Crystal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particles

In the Study of small metal particles the shape is a very Important parameter. Using electron microscopy Ino and Owaga(l) have studied the shape of twinned particles of gold. In that work electron diffraction and contrast (dark field) experiments were used to produce models of a crystal particle. In this work we report a method which can give direct information about the shape of an small metal particle in the amstrong- size range with high resolution. The diffraction pattern of a sample containing small metal particles contains in general several systematic and non- systematic reflections and a two-beam condition can not be used in practice. However a N-beam condition produces a reduced extinction distance. On the other hand if a beam is out of the bragg condition the effective extinction distance is even more reduced.

Successful field experiments: Getting in, getting the data, getting published

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Kochanowski ◽  
Charles F. Seifert ◽  
Gary A. Yukl ◽  
Dov Eden ◽  
Gary P. Latham
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments

Optimizing genotype-environment-management interactions to ensure silage maize production in the Chinese Maize Belt

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
L Zhang ◽  
Z Zhang ◽  
J Cao ◽  
Y Luo ◽  
Z Li
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Environment Management ◽  
Silage Maize

Grain maize production exceeds the demand for grain maize in China. Methods for harvesting good-quality silage maize urgently need a theoretical basis and reference data in order to ensure its benefits to farmers. However, research on silage maize is limited, and very few studies have focused on its energetic value and quality. Here, we calibrated the CERES-Maize model for 24 cultivars with 93 field experiments and then performed a long-term (1980-2017) simulation to optimize genotype-environment-management (G-E-M) interactions in the 4 main agroecological zones across China. We found that CERES-Maize could reproduce the growth and development of maize well under various management and weather conditions with a phenology bias of <5 d and biomass relative root mean square error values of <5%. The simulated results showed that sowing long-growth-cycle cultivars approximately 10 d in advance could yield good-quality silage. The optimal sowing dates (from late May to July) and harvest dates (from early October to mid-November) gradually became later from north to south. A high-energy yield was expected when sowing at an early date and/or with late-maturing cultivars. We found that Northeast China and the North China Plain were potential silage maize growing areas, although these areas experienced a medium or even high frost risk. Southwestern maize experienced a low risk level, but the low soil fertility limited the attainable yield. The results of this paper provide information for designing an optimal G×E×M strategy to ensure silage maize production in the Chinese Maize Belt.

Mechanisms leading to recruitment inhibition of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera by an understory alga

2021 ◽  
Vol 657 ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
BA Beckley ◽  
MS Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Kelp Forest ◽  
Macrocystis Pyrifera ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Giant Kelp ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Survival And Growth

The forest-forming giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and the communities it supports have been decreasing across their native ranges in many parts of the world. The sudden removal of giant kelp canopies by storms increases space and light for the colonization by understory macroalgae, such as Desmarestia herbacea, which can inhibit M. pyrifera recovery and alter local community composition. Understanding the mechanisms by which algae such as D. herbacea interact with M. pyrifera can provide insight into patterns of kelp forest recovery following these disturbances and can aid in predicting future community structure. This study experimentally tested the independent and combined effects of two likely competitive mechanisms by which D. herbacea might inhibit recovery of M. pyrifera in the Point Loma kelp forest in San Diego, California (USA). Specifically, we conducted field experiments to study the individual and combined effects of shade and scour by D. herbacea on the survival of M. pyrifera microscopic life stages, and the recruitment, survival, and growth of its young sporophytes. Our results show that scour had the strongest negative effect on the survival of M. pyrifera microscopic life stages and recruitment, but shade and scour both adversely affected survival and growth of these sporophytes as they grew larger. Canopy-removing storms are increasing in frequency and intensity, and this change could facilitate the rise of understory species, like D. herbacea, which might alter community succession and recovery of kelp forests.

Pine Plantations: Study Suggests Ecological Value

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
Roger D. Applegate
Keyword(s):  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Ecological Value
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