scholarly journals Re-emergence of animal rabies in northern Greece and subsequent human exposure, October 2012 – March 2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Tsiodras ◽  
G Dougas ◽  
A Baka ◽  
C Billinis ◽  
S Doudounakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
World Health ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Rabies Case ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Greece has been rabies-free since 1987 with no human cases since 1970. During 2012 to 2013, rabies has re-emerged in wild and domestic animals in northern Greece. By end March 2013, rabies was diagnosed in 17 animals including 14 red foxes, two shepherd dogs and one cat; 104 subsequent human exposures required post-exposure prophylaxis according to the World Health Organization criteria. Human exposures occurred within 50 km radius of a confirmed rabies case in a wild or domestic animal, and most frequently stray dogs were involved.

scholarly journals Guideline on the management of occupational and non-occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis: 2015 Update

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Moorhouse ◽  
Linda G. Bekker ◽  
Vivian Black ◽  
Francesca Conradie ◽  
Beth Harley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Adherence Support ◽  
Antiretroviral Medications ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

This guideline is an update of the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) guideline published by the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society in 2008. It updates the recommendations on the use of antiretroviral medications to prevent individuals who have been exposed to a potential HIV source, via either occupational or non-occupational exposure, from becoming infected with HIV. No distinction is made between occupational or non-occupational exposure, and the guideline promotes the provision of PEP with three antiretroviral drugs if the exposure confers a significant transmission risk. The present guideline aligns with the principles of the World Health Organization PEP guidelines (2014), promoting simplification and adherence support to individuals receiving PEP.

scholarly journals Going global: the adoption of the World Health Organization’s enabling recommendation on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV

Sexual Health ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Hodges-Mameletzis ◽  
Shona Dalal ◽  
Busisiwe Msimanga-Radebe ◽  
Michelle Rodolph ◽  
Rachel Baggaley
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Status ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Oral Prep

In September 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched evidence-based guidelines by recommending that any person at substantial HIV risk should be offered oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) as an additional prevention choice. Since 2017, PrEP medicines have also been listed in the WHO’s Essential Medicines List, including TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) and TDF in combination with lamivudine (3TC). A descriptive policy review and analysis of countries adopting WHO’s 2015 recommendation on oral PrEP was conducted. As of June 2018, we identified 35 countries that had some type of policy on oral PrEP, and an additional five countries where a specific policy on PrEP is currently pending. A total of 19 high-income countries (HICs) and 21 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have adopted or have a pending policy. Most countries that have adopted or pending PrEP are in the European (42.9%) or African (30.0%) region. TDF/FTC is the most commonly recommended PrEP drug in the guidelines reviewed, although seven countries, namely in sub-Saharan Africa (6/7), are also recommending the use of TDF/3TC for PrEP. In sum, by the end of 2018, at least 40 countries (20.6%) are anticipated to have adopted WHO’s oral PrEP recommendation. Nonetheless, policy uptake does not reflect broader programmatic coverage of PrEP services, which remain limited across all settings, irrespective of income status. Enhancing global partnerships is needed to support and track ongoing policy adoption and to ensure that policy is translated into meaningful implementation of PrEP services.

scholarly journals The Route of Administration of Rabies Vaccines: Comparing the Data

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
Deborah J. Briggs ◽  
Susan M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Cost

Cell culture rabies vaccines were initially licensed in the 1980s and are essential in the prevention of human rabies. The first post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccination regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was administered intramuscularly over a lengthy three-month period. In efforts to reduce the cost of PEP without impinging on safety, additional research on two strategies was encouraged by the WHO including the development of less expensive production methods for CCVs and the administration of reduced volumes of CCVs via the intradermal (ID) route. Numerous clinical trials have provided sufficient data to support a reduction in the number of doses, a shorter timeline required for PEP, and the approval of the intradermal route of administration for PEP and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP). However, the plethora of data that have been published since the development of CCVs can be overwhelming for public health officials wishing to review and make a decision as to the most appropriate PEP and PreP regimen for their region. In this review, we examine three critical benchmarks that can serve as guidance for health officials when reviewing data to implement new PEP and PreP regimens for their region including: evidence of immunogenicity after vaccination; proof of efficacy against development of disease; and confirmation that the regimen being considered elicits a rapid anamnestic response after booster vaccination.

Breeding animals for quality products: not only genetics

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Chavatte-Palmer ◽  
Anne Tarrade ◽  
Hélène Kiefer ◽  
Véronique Duranthon ◽  
Hélène Jammes
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
World Health ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Placental Function ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Health Organization

The effect of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease on the spread of non-communicable diseases is recognised by world agencies such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization. Early environmental effects on offspring phenotype also apply to domestic animals and their production traits. Herein, we show that maternal nutrition not only throughout pregnancy, but also in the periconception period can affect offspring phenotype through modifications of gametes, embryos and placental function. Because epigenetic mechanisms are key processes in mediating these effects, we propose that the study of epigenetic marks in gametes may provide additional information for domestic animal selection.

scholarly journals Current Status and Trends in Prophylaxis and Management of Anthrax Disease

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Savransky ◽  
Boris Ionin ◽  
Joshua Reece
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Bacillus anthracis has been identified as a potential military and bioterror agent as it is relatively simple to produce, with spores that are highly resilient to degradation in the environment and easily dispersed. These characteristics are important in describing how anthrax could be used as a weapon, but they are also important in understanding and determining appropriate prevention and treatment of anthrax disease. Today, anthrax disease is primarily enzootic and found mostly in the developing world, where it is still associated with considerable mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock. This review article describes the spectrum of disease caused by anthrax and the various prevention and treatment options. Specifically we discuss the following; (1) clinical manifestations of anthrax disease (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalational and intravenous-associated); (2) immunology of the disease; (3) an overview of animal models used in research; (4) the current World Health Organization and U.S. Government guidelines for investigation, management, and prophylaxis; (5) unique regulatory approaches to licensure and approval of anthrax medical countermeasures; (6) the history of vaccination and pre-exposure prophylaxis; (7) post-exposure prophylaxis and disease management; (8) treatment of symptomatic disease through the use of antibiotics and hyperimmune or monoclonal antibody-based antitoxin therapies; and (9) the current landscape of next-generation product candidates under development.

scholarly journals Abandon of intramuscular administration of rabies immunoglobulin for post-exposure prophylaxis in the revised guidelines in the Netherlands in 2018: cost and volume savings

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imke Schreuder ◽  
Cornelis De Pijper ◽  
Rob van Kessel ◽  
Leo Visser ◽  
Hans van den Kerkhof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Database ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
National Data ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

The World Health Organization (WHO) issued an updated position paper on rabies in 2018, mainly focusing on simplification of vaccination schedules and use of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The maximum amount of RIG anatomically feasible should be infiltrated exclusively in and around the wound and will no longer be calculated solely based on body weight. We describe the practical guideline implementing the revised RIG policy in the Netherlands on how to determine the amount of RIG for local administration. We calculated savings achieved through the revised WHO policy. We used information from a national database including rabies consultations in the Netherlands and clinical information from a public health service, clinical practitioners and national data on the amount of distributed RIG. Between 2008 and 2019, 5,164 consultations were registered. The most frequently affected anatomical location was hand or leg (43%). Around 80% concerned minor injuries (< 2 cm). From January 2016 to end December 2019, 7,361 mL RIG were distributed for 1,042 possible rabies exposures (EUR 1.4 million). Since implementing the revised policy, the amount of RIG distributed per order has sharply decreased (59%). Infiltrating RIG only locally saved large quantities of human RIG (EUR 1.1 million during 4 years) in the Netherlands.

scholarly journals Investigating Possible Etiologies of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Failure and Deaths From Rabies Infection: Case Reports

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 27378
Author(s):  
Azadeh Rasooli ◽  
Behzad Pourhossein ◽  
Roozbeh Bashar ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shirzadi ◽  
Behzad Amiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
World Health ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Rabies virus, as a neurotropic agent, is transmitted to humans usually after animal biting. Rabies is endemic in most Middle Eastern countries. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) program is recommended for high-risk populations in endemic areas. The present study reported 7 deaths from rabies infection despite human Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and the evolution of their possible etiologies from 2014 to 2018 in Iran. In this study, 29 rabid human deaths were evaluated despite PEP in 2014-2018. Seven people deceased despite receiving PEP. The most damaged organs were hands and face (71.43%). Injecting anti-Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) around the wound, improper cleansing, and delayed PEP were the main causes of PEP failure. In addition, immunodeficiency in a patient was another cause of failure. Our obtained data suggested that immediate precise measures after exposure based on the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation, maintaining the temperature integrity (cold chain) of vaccines, and RIGs during transportation, and performing detailed injection schedule could prevent PEP failure in most cases. Furthermore, society’s awareness plays a key role in controlling the disease, especially in endemic areas.

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