scholarly journals Trends in antimicrobial resistance in Europe: report from EARSS

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (51) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Bruinsma ◽  
Collective EARSS
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Level

In Europe, the proportion of erythromycin resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates has remained at a high level over the past few years

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Asia (an ANSORP Study)

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 2101-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Hoon Song ◽  
Sook-In Jung ◽  
Kwan Soo Ko ◽  
Na Young Kim ◽  
Jun Seong Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance

ABSTRACT A total of 685 clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with pneumococcal diseases were collected from 14 centers in 11 Asian countries from January 2000 to June 2001. The in vitro susceptibilities of the isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents were determined by the broth microdilution test. Among the isolates tested, 483 (52.4%) were not susceptible to penicillin, 23% were intermediate, and 29.4% were penicillin resistant (MICs ≥ 2 mg/liter). Isolates from Vietnam showed the highest prevalence of penicillin resistance (71.4%), followed by those from Korea (54.8%), Hong Kong (43.2%), and Taiwan (38.6%). The penicillin MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC90s) were 4 mg/liter among isolates from Vietnam, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan. The prevalence of erythromycin resistance was also very high in Vietnam (92.1%), Taiwan (86%), Korea (80.6%), Hong Kong (76.8%), and China (73.9%). The MIC90s of erythromycin were >32 mg/liter among isolates from Korea, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong. Isolates from Hong Kong showed the highest rate of ciprofloxacin resistance (11.8%), followed by isolates from Sri Lanka (9.5%), the Philippines (9.1%), and Korea (6.5%). Multilocus sequence typing showed that the spread of the Taiwan19F clone and the Spain23F clone could be one of the major reasons for the rapid increases in antimicrobial resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in Asia. Data from the multinational surveillance study clearly documented distinctive increases in the prevalence rates and the levels of antimicrobial resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in many Asian countries, which are among the highest in the world published to date.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Respiratory Tract Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates: Results of the Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study, 1997 to 2002

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1867-1874 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Zhanel ◽  
Lorraine Palatnick ◽  
Kimberly A. Nichol ◽  
Tracy Bellyou ◽  
Don E. Low ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Intermediate Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Study ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT A total of 6,991 unique patient isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected from October 1997 to June 2002 from 25 medical centers in 9 of the 10 Canadian provinces. Among these isolates, 20.2% were penicillin nonsusceptible, with 14.6% being penicillin intermediate (MIC, 0.12 to 1 μg/ml) and 5.6% being penicillin resistant (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml). The proportion of high-level penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates increased from 2.4 to 13.8% over the last 3 years of the study, and the proportion of multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates increased from 2.7 to 8.8% over the 5-year period. Resistant rates (intermediate and resistant) among non-β-lactam agents were as follows: macrolides, 9.6 to 9.9%; clindamycin, 3.8%; doxycycline, 5.5%; chloramphenicol, 3.9%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 19.0%. Rates of resistance to non-β-lactam agents were higher among penicillin-resistant strains than among penicillin-susceptible strains. No resistance to vancomycin or linezolid was observed; however, 0.1% intermediate resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin was observed. The rate of macrolide resistance (intermediate and resistant) increased from 7.9 to 11.1% over the 5 years. For the fluoroquinolones, the order of activity based on the MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC50s) and the MIC90s was gemifloxacin > clinafloxacin > trovafloxacin > moxifloxacin > grepafloxacin > gatifloxacin > levofloxacin > ciprofloxacin. The investigational compounds ABT-773 (MIC90, 0.008 μg/ml), ABT-492 (MIC90, 0.015 μg/ml), GAR-936 (tigecycline; MIC90, 0.06 μg/ml), and BMS284756 (garenoxacin; MIC90, 0.06 μg/ml) displayed excellent activities. Despite decreases in the rates of antibiotic consumption in Canada over the 5-year period, the rates of both high-level penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates are increasing in Canada.

scholarly journals 184. Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Testing on Pediatric Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S112-S112
Author(s):  
Liset Olarte ◽  
Douglas S Swanson ◽  
Jennifer E Tabakh ◽  
Dithi Banerjee ◽  
Rangaraj Selvarangan
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Multicenter Studies ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Ermb Gene ◽  
High Level ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background In 2013, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommended inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) testing on macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, which arises due to the ermB gene. Ribosomal methylation by ermB confers resistance to macrolides (high-level resistance), lincosamides and streptogramin B. The goal of our study is to characterize the prevalence of ICR among pediatric pneumococcal isolates. Methods We identified erythromycin-resistant(R) (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥ 1 µg/mL) and clindamycin-susceptible(S) (MIC ≤ 0.25 µg/mL) pneumococcal isolates from pediatric patients seen at Children’s Mercy Hospital from 2007 to 2017. Determination of ICR was achieved via disk approximation (D-zone test) with standard erythromycin (15 µg) and clindamycin (2 µg) disks. Isolates with high-level erythromycin resistance (MIC ≥ 32µg/mL) were also tested for ermB gene by PCR. Positive and negative controls were used for D-zone test and ermB PCR. Results We identified 289 erythromycin-R pneumococcal isolates; of those 194 (67.1%) were clindamycin-S (Figure 1). One-hundred and sixty-nine isolates were available for ICR testing, 166 (98%) isolates represented non-invasive disease samples. Median age of patients with erythromycin-R and clindamycin-S isolates was 19 (range 0.1 – 180) months. None of the isolates expressed ICR based on the D-zone test. Thirteen of those isolates (7.7%) expressed high-level erythromycin-R (MIC range 32-128 µg/mL); all were negative for ermB. The most common serotypes/serogroups among erythromycin-R and clindamycin-S isolates were: 15 (n=22), 35B (n=19), 11 (n=16), 6 (n=16), 19A (n=14) and 33 (n=12). Conclusion Erythromycin-R and clindamycin-S pneumococcal isolates did not express ICR and isolates with high-level erythromycin-R did not carry ermB. Multicenter studies are needed to determine if ICR testing is required for macrolide-resistant pneumococcal isolates in the PCV13 era. Disclosures Liset Olarte, MD, MSc, GSK (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Research Grant or Support)Pfizer (Research Grant or Support)Sanofi (Research Grant or Support) Douglas S. Swanson, MD, Merck (Research Grant or Support)Pfizer (Research Grant or Support)Sanofi (Research Grant or Support)

scholarly journals Changing Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance and Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Asian Countries: an Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 1418-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Hyun Kim ◽  
Jae-Hoon Song ◽  
Doo Ryeon Chung ◽  
Visanu Thamlikitkul ◽  
Yonghong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Prospective Surveillance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniaeremains a serious concern worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, despite the introduction of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). The Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) performed a prospective surveillance study of 2,184S. pneumoniaeisolates collected from patients with pneumococcal infections from 60 hospitals in 11 Asian countries from 2008 to 2009. Among nonmeningeal isolates, the prevalence rate of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci (MIC, ≥4 μg/ml) was 4.6% and penicillin resistance (MIC, ≥8 μg/ml) was extremely rare (0.7%). Resistance to erythromycin was very prevalent in the region (72.7%); the highest rates were in China (96.4%), Taiwan (84.9%), and Vietnam (80.7%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 59.3% of isolates from Asian countries. Major serotypes were 19F (23.5%), 23F (10.0%), 19A (8.2%), 14 (7.3%), and 6B (7.3%). Overall, 52.5% of isolates showed PCV7 serotypes, ranging from 16.1% in Philippines to 75.1% in Vietnam. Serotypes 19A (8.2%), 3 (6.2%), and 6A (4.2%) were the most prominent non-PCV7 serotypes in the Asian region. Among isolates with serotype 19A, 86.0% and 79.8% showed erythromycin resistance and MDR, respectively. The most remarkable findings about the epidemiology ofS. pneumoniaein Asian countries after the introduction of PCV7 were the high prevalence of macrolide resistance and MDR and distinctive increases in serotype 19A.

scholarly journals Molecular characterisation of, and antimicrobial resistance in, Clostridioides difficile from Thailand, 2017-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korakrit Imwattana ◽  
Papanin Putsathit ◽  
Daniel R Knight ◽  
Pattarachai Kiratisin ◽  
Thomas V Riley
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Molecular Characterisation ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Pcr Ribotyping ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
High Level ◽  
Incorporation Method

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and spread of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Many antimicrobials, such as fluoroquinolones, have been associated with outbreaks of CDI globally.ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterise AMR among clinical C. difficile strains in Thailand, a country where the use of antimicrobials remains inadequately regulated.MethodsStool samples were screened for tcdB and positives were cultured. C. difficile isolates were characterised by toxin profiling and PCR ribotyping. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using an agar incorporation method, and whole-genome sequencing and AMR genotyping performed on a subset of strains.ResultsThere were 321 C. difficile strains isolated from 326 stool samples. The most common toxigenic ribotype (RT) was RT 017 (18%), followed by RTs 014 (12%) and 020 (7%). There was a high resistance prevalence (≥ 10%) to clindamycin, erythromycin, moxifloxacin and rifaximin, and resistance prevalence was greatest among RT 017 strains. AMR genotyping revealed a strong correlation between resistance genotype and phenotype for moxifloxacin and rifampicin. The presence of erm-class genes was associated with high-level clindamycin and erythromycin resistance. Point substitutions on the penicillin-binding proteins (PBP1 and PBP3) were not sufficient to confer meropenem resistance, however, a Y721S substitution in PBP3 was associated with a slight increase in meropenem MIC. No resistance to metronidazole, vancomycin or fidaxomicin was observed.ConclusionThere was a large proportion of C. difficile RT 017 in Thailand and a high AMR prevalence among these strains. The concordance between AMR phenotype and genotype was strong.

Machine learning for rediscovering revolutionary ideas of the past

2021 ◽  
pp. 105971232098304
Author(s):  
R Alexander Bentley ◽  
Joshua Borycz ◽  
Simon Carrignon ◽  
Damian J Ruck ◽  
Michael J O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Phylogenetic Inference ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Inherent Nature ◽  
Social Learning Processes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Scientific Ideas ◽  
Revolutionary Science

The explosion of online knowledge has made knowledge, paradoxically, difficult to find. A web or journal search might retrieve thousands of articles, ranked in a manner that is biased by, for example, popularity or eigenvalue centrality rather than by informed relevance to the complex query. With hundreds of thousands of articles published each year, the dense, tangled thicket of knowledge grows even more entwined. Although natural language processing and new methods of generating knowledge graphs can extract increasingly high-level interpretations from research articles, the results are inevitably biased toward recent, popular, and/or prestigious sources. This is a result of the inherent nature of human social-learning processes. To preserve and even rediscover lost scientific ideas, we employ the theory that scientific progress is punctuated by means of inspired, revolutionary ideas at the origin of new paradigms. Using a brief case example, we suggest how phylogenetic inference might be used to rediscover potentially useful lost discoveries, as a way in which machines could help drive revolutionary science.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document