MEISSNER, T.: S-stem Nouns and Adjectives in Greek and Proto-Indo-European. A Diachronic Study in Word Formation

Kratylos ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
K. Stüber
Author(s):  
Alisha Vandana Lakra ◽  
Md. Mojibur Rahman

Change is the nature of every  living language for better communication. These changes can be phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical, because of various linguistic affects. The synchronic and diachronic study of language proves that it enriches the vocabulary of the language. Another reason for the enrichment of vocabulary is through morphological word formation process which are mainly inflectional, derivational, compounding and reduplication, etc. Reduplication is implicit to phonological (sounds and prosodic units) and morphological (word constituents) components. It occurs in many languages and helps in the formation of new words. The present study concentrates on the process of reduplication Kurukh and the role of reduplication  in acquiring vocabulary.


2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-63
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila

Among the characteristic features of the Finnish language is the use of numerous derivational affixes and diverse word-formation options. Although Finnish has very old derivational elements, fairly recent suffixes and even completely new ways of forming words are also found. It is typical of word-formation options that they change, and that their frequency and popularity varies over time. In this diachronic study, the focus is on one of the most recent suffixes used in the Finnish language, the agentive-Arisuffix (e.g.kaahari‘reckless driver’,kuohari‘gelder of animals’). What makes the-Ariderivatives special is that the type has been adopted on the model of words borrowed from the Germanic languages. Historically these are descended from the Latin derivational element -ārius, which was adopted widely in the European languages. The main purpose of the present study was to find out whether, from a diachronic perspective, the -Ari-derived agent nouns actually represent an independent derived semantic category in Finnish. Another purpose was to characterize the process whereby the-Arisuffix was adopted in Finnish: at what point do these derived forms actually first occur in Finnish, and how has the use of the derivational element been manifested at different times. A final significant task of the study was to clarify the potential reasons and motivations for this morphological borrowing.


Virittäjä ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila

Johtimien suuri määrä on kuulunut suomen kielen ominaispiirteisiin kautta aikojen. Suomi on ollut kirjallisilla vuosisadoilla eli 1500-luvulta nykypäivään johdin-ainesten suhteen hyvin omavarainen, mutta tästä huolimatta kieleen on omaksuttu laina-sanaston mukana muutamia johtimia. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, kuinka kirjallisena aikana lainatut johtimet on omaksuttu suomen sananmuodostukseen, milloin vierasperäisellä johtimella on alettu muodostaa uutta sanastoa ja minkälaista johtimen käyttö on eri aikoina ollut. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tehtävänä on selvittää lainaamisen taustalla oleva motivaatio: miksi ja mihin funktioon runsasjohtiminen kieli on lainannut muilta? Tutkimuksen keskiös-sä ovat sekä omalähtöiselle sanan-muodostukselle mallin tarjonneet lainasanat että näiden mukaan muodostettu uusi sanasto. Yksityis-kohtaisen tarkastelun kohteena ovat lainaperäiset nna- ja isti-johtimet. Vertailun vuoksi tarkastellaan lisäksi skA-, tAr- ja ismi-johdoksia. Suomen lainajohtimet edustavat semanttisesti ja rakenteellisesti kielissä tyypillisesti lainautuvia johtimia. Ne osoittautuvatkin lainatuiksi myös niissä kielissä, joista ne on omaksuttu suomeen. Johdinainesten lainaaminen suomen kieleen on sidoksissa yhteiskunnan muutoksiin, kirjakielistymiseen ja uusien ilmaisu-keinojen tarpeeseen. Semanttisiin tarpeisiin vastaamisen lisäksi lainajohtimilla on voitu täydentää oma-peräistä sananmuodostussysteemiä niiltä osin kuin siinä on produktiivisuuteen vaikuttavia rajoitteita. Yleisesti ottaen suomen ei ole lainattu johtimia ilman syytä ja tarvetta. Kielenohjailu on suhtautunut lainaperäisiin johtimiin torjuvasti, mikä on osaltaan vaikuttanut niiden vakiintumiseen. Tuoreiden ja innovatiivisten johdosten muodostusta se ei kuitenkaan ole estänyt. The impact of loanwords on the derivational morphology of written Finnish: Diachronic study on the borrowing of suffixes during the literary centuries An abundance of derivational morphology has been a characteristic of the Finnish language throughout the ages. During the literary centuries (from the 16th century to the present), Finnish has been particularly self-sufficient in terms of suffixes. There are, however, a few suffixes that have been adopted into Finnish. The present study examines how these few borrowed derivative elements were adopted into native Finnish word formation, when the foreign suffixes began to be used for lexical innovations, and how these elements have been used over time. The central purpose of this diachronic study is to map the motivations behind the borrowing: why and to what purpose does a language with a significant amount of derivational morphology borrow affixes from other languages? The study focuses on loanwords that have provided a model for native word formation as well as lexical innovations in Finnish through these models. Specific focus is given to the loan suffixes -nna and -isti. For comparison the suffixes -skA, -tAr, and -ismi will also be examined. The borrowed suffixes of Finnish are semantically and structurally representative of the kinds of affixes typically borrowed across languages. The same suffixes were first borrowed into the languages from which they were borrowed into Finnish. The adoption of suffixes into the Finnish language is connected to changes in society, the development of the literary language, and the need for new means of expression. In addition to meeting semantic needs, borrowed suffixes have also been used to complement the native system of word formation in places where any limitations affecting productivity exist. In general, suffixes have not been borrowed into Finnish without a specific purpose or need. Language planning in Finland has traditionally had quite a negative attitude towards borrowed suffixes, and this has had an effect on such suffixes becoming established in the language. However, such attitudes have not prevented the formation of new and innovative derivatives.


Author(s):  
Pavol Stekauer ◽  
Salvador Valera ◽  
Livia Kortvelyessy
Keyword(s):  

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Baeskow

For many decades there has been a consensus among linguists of various schools that derivational suffixes function not only to determine the word-class of the complex expressions they form, but also convey semantic information. The aspect of suffix-inherent meaning is ignored by representatives of a relatively new theoretical direction – Neo-Construction Grammar – who consider derivational suffixes to be either purely functional elements of the grammar or meaningless phonological realizations of abstract grammatical morphemes. The latter view is maintained by adherents of Distributed Morphology, who at the same time emphasize the importance of conceptual knowledge for derivational processes without attempting to define this aspect. The purpose of this study is first of all to provide support for the long-standing assumption that suffixes are inherently meaningful. The focus of interest is on the suffixes -ship, -dom and -hood. Data from Old English and Modern English (including neologisms) will show that these suffixes have developed rich arrays of meaning which cannot be structurally derived. Moreover, since conceptual knowledge is indeed an important factor for word-formation processes, a concrete, theory-independent model for the representation of the synchronically observable meaning components associated with -ship, -dom and -hood will be proposed.


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