scholarly journals Lainasanojen vaikutus suomen kirjakielen johtomorfologiaan.

Virittäjä ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila
Keyword(s):  
Language Planning ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Central Purpose ◽  
Over Time

Johtimien suuri määrä on kuulunut suomen kielen ominaispiirteisiin kautta aikojen. Suomi on ollut kirjallisilla vuosisadoilla eli 1500-luvulta nykypäivään johdin-ainesten suhteen hyvin omavarainen, mutta tästä huolimatta kieleen on omaksuttu laina-sanaston mukana muutamia johtimia. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, kuinka kirjallisena aikana lainatut johtimet on omaksuttu suomen sananmuodostukseen, milloin vierasperäisellä johtimella on alettu muodostaa uutta sanastoa ja minkälaista johtimen käyttö on eri aikoina ollut. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tehtävänä on selvittää lainaamisen taustalla oleva motivaatio: miksi ja mihin funktioon runsasjohtiminen kieli on lainannut muilta? Tutkimuksen keskiös-sä ovat sekä omalähtöiselle sanan-muodostukselle mallin tarjonneet lainasanat että näiden mukaan muodostettu uusi sanasto. Yksityis-kohtaisen tarkastelun kohteena ovat lainaperäiset nna- ja isti-johtimet. Vertailun vuoksi tarkastellaan lisäksi skA-, tAr- ja ismi-johdoksia. Suomen lainajohtimet edustavat semanttisesti ja rakenteellisesti kielissä tyypillisesti lainautuvia johtimia. Ne osoittautuvatkin lainatuiksi myös niissä kielissä, joista ne on omaksuttu suomeen. Johdinainesten lainaaminen suomen kieleen on sidoksissa yhteiskunnan muutoksiin, kirjakielistymiseen ja uusien ilmaisu-keinojen tarpeeseen. Semanttisiin tarpeisiin vastaamisen lisäksi lainajohtimilla on voitu täydentää oma-peräistä sananmuodostussysteemiä niiltä osin kuin siinä on produktiivisuuteen vaikuttavia rajoitteita. Yleisesti ottaen suomen ei ole lainattu johtimia ilman syytä ja tarvetta. Kielenohjailu on suhtautunut lainaperäisiin johtimiin torjuvasti, mikä on osaltaan vaikuttanut niiden vakiintumiseen. Tuoreiden ja innovatiivisten johdosten muodostusta se ei kuitenkaan ole estänyt. The impact of loanwords on the derivational morphology of written Finnish: Diachronic study on the borrowing of suffixes during the literary centuries An abundance of derivational morphology has been a characteristic of the Finnish language throughout the ages. During the literary centuries (from the 16th century to the present), Finnish has been particularly self-sufficient in terms of suffixes. There are, however, a few suffixes that have been adopted into Finnish. The present study examines how these few borrowed derivative elements were adopted into native Finnish word formation, when the foreign suffixes began to be used for lexical innovations, and how these elements have been used over time. The central purpose of this diachronic study is to map the motivations behind the borrowing: why and to what purpose does a language with a significant amount of derivational morphology borrow affixes from other languages? The study focuses on loanwords that have provided a model for native word formation as well as lexical innovations in Finnish through these models. Specific focus is given to the loan suffixes -nna and -isti. For comparison the suffixes -skA, -tAr, and -ismi will also be examined. The borrowed suffixes of Finnish are semantically and structurally representative of the kinds of affixes typically borrowed across languages. The same suffixes were first borrowed into the languages from which they were borrowed into Finnish. The adoption of suffixes into the Finnish language is connected to changes in society, the development of the literary language, and the need for new means of expression. In addition to meeting semantic needs, borrowed suffixes have also been used to complement the native system of word formation in places where any limitations affecting productivity exist. In general, suffixes have not been borrowed into Finnish without a specific purpose or need. Language planning in Finland has traditionally had quite a negative attitude towards borrowed suffixes, and this has had an effect on such suffixes becoming established in the language. However, such attitudes have not prevented the formation of new and innovative derivatives.

Finnish -Ariderivatives: A diachronic study of a new word-formation pattern

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-63
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Very Old ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Formation Pattern ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Over Time

Among the characteristic features of the Finnish language is the use of numerous derivational affixes and diverse word-formation options. Although Finnish has very old derivational elements, fairly recent suffixes and even completely new ways of forming words are also found. It is typical of word-formation options that they change, and that their frequency and popularity varies over time. In this diachronic study, the focus is on one of the most recent suffixes used in the Finnish language, the agentive-Arisuffix (e.g.kaahari‘reckless driver’,kuohari‘gelder of animals’). What makes the-Ariderivatives special is that the type has been adopted on the model of words borrowed from the Germanic languages. Historically these are descended from the Latin derivational element -ārius, which was adopted widely in the European languages. The main purpose of the present study was to find out whether, from a diachronic perspective, the -Ari-derived agent nouns actually represent an independent derived semantic category in Finnish. Another purpose was to characterize the process whereby the-Arisuffix was adopted in Finnish: at what point do these derived forms actually first occur in Finnish, and how has the use of the derivational element been manifested at different times. A final significant task of the study was to clarify the potential reasons and motivations for this morphological borrowing.

scholarly journals Word formative structure of words with the root lěp- in Old Russian written records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Galochkina
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Slavic Language ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

System of derivational morphology of the Old Russian language has its own characteristics based on the origin of the book vocabulary, which consisted mainly of Proto-Slavic words and calques from Greek words. The main morphological way of word formation was the heritage of the Proto-Slavic language, which developed together with the formation of morphemes as a language unit. Active derivation took place during the formation of the Old Russian book vocabulary. During this period an uninterrupted process began the creation of book translations from the Greek into Church Slavonic. The ancient scribes made extensive use of Greek words calquing, which especially intensified the creation of compound words. Compound words were formed according to the models of Greek composites, but using Russian morphemes. As a result of this process, the lexical fund of the literary language was created, which included words with the root *lěp-. Such words are contained in ancient Russian written records (“Life of St. Sava the Sanctified”, composed by St. Cyril Skifopolsky, “The Life of St. Andrew the Fool”, “The Chronicle” by John Malalas, “The Chronicle” by George Amartol, “History of the Jewish War” by Josephus Flavius, Christianopolis (Acts and Epistles of the Apostles), Uspensky Сollection of XII–XIII centuries etc.). In the article will be considered the word formative structure of words with the root lěp-.

The Therapist’s Reaction to a Patient’s Suicide

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Martin Wurst ◽  
Isabella Kunz ◽  
Gregory Skipper ◽  
Manfred Wolfersdorf ◽  
Karl H. Beine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
Retrospective Nature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: A substantial proportion of therapists experience the loss of a patient to suicide at some point during their professional life. Aims: To assess (1) the impact of a patient’s suicide on therapists distress and well-being over time, (2) which factors contribute to the reaction, and (3) which subgroup might need special interventions in the aftermath of suicide. Methods: A 63-item questionnaire was sent to all 185 Psychiatric Clinics at General Hospitals in Germany. The emotional reaction of therapists to patient’s suicide was measured immediately, after 2 weeks, and after 6 months. Results: Three out of ten therapists suffer from severe distress after a patients’ suicide. The item “overall distress” immediately after the suicide predicts emotional reactions and changes in behavior. The emotional responses immediately after the suicide explained 43.5% of the variance of total distress in a regression analysis. Limitations: The retrospective nature of the study is its primary limitation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that identifying the severely distressed subgroup could be done using a visual analog scale for overall distress. As a consequence, more specific and intensified help could be provided to these professionals.

Has Aid Helped in Pakistan?

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 947-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This paper has a two-fold objective: first, to examine the terms on which Pakistan receives aid and whether its debt situation is sustainable, and second, to examine the impact of aid and debt on economic growth. It is found that there is little encouraging that can be said about how the terms on which Pakistan has received aid over time have changed, and its current debt situation is not sustainable. Also reported is the analysis done elsewhere which shows that aid has a negative (Granger) causal impact on GDP, and aid has a robust negative impact on economic growth after controlling for supplyside shocks. We provide various reasons for this negative association.

The Role of Vascular Aging in Atherosclerotic Plaque Development and Vulnerability

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (29) ◽  
pp. 3098-3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Liberale ◽  
Giovanni G. Camici
Keyword(s):  
Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Plaque Burden ◽  
Vascular Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Plaque Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: The ongoing demographical shift is leading to an unprecedented aging of the population. As a consequence, the prevalence of age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications is set to increase in the near future. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffening characterize arterial aging and set the stage for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic plaques evolve over time, the extent to which these changes might affect their stability and predispose to sudden complications remains to be determined. Recent advances in imaging technology will allow for longitudinal prospective studies following the progression of plaque burden aimed at better characterizing changes over time associated with plaque stability or rupture. Oxidative stress and inflammation, firmly established driving forces of age-related CV dysfunction, also play an important role in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and rupture. Several genes involved in lifespan determination are known regulator of redox cellular balance and pre-clinical evidence underlines their pathophysiological roles in age-related cardiovascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to examine the impact of aging on arterial function and atherosclerotic plaque development. Furthermore, we report how molecular mechanisms of vascular aging might regulate age-related plaque modifications and how this may help to identify novel therapeutic targets to attenuate the increased risk of CV disease in elderly people.

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