scholarly journals Physical Methods of Microalgal Biomass Pretreatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Piasecka ◽  
Izabela Krzemińska ◽  
Jerzy Tys
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biomass Pretreatment ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Wet Biomass ◽  
Microwave Techniques

Abstract The prospect of depletion of natural energy resources on the Earth forces researchers to seek and explore new and alternative energy sources. Biomass is a composite resource that can be used in many ways leading to diversity of products. Therefore, microalgal biomass offers great potential. The main aim of this study is to find the best physical method of microalgal biomass pretreatment that guarantees efficient lipid extraction. These studies identifies biochemical composition of microalgal biomass as source for biodisel production. The influence of drying at different temperatures and lyophilization was investigated. In addition, wet and untreated biomass was examined. Cell disruption (sonication and microwave) techniques were used to improve lipid extraction from wet biomass. Additionally, two different extraction methods were carried out to select the best method of crude oil extraction. The results of this study show that wet biomass after sonication is the most suitable for extraction. The fatty acid composition of microalgal biomass includes linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3), and stearic acid (C18:0), which play a key role in biodiesel production.

Application of Microwave Heating for Adhesive Joining

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik T. Thostenson ◽  
Tsu-Wei Chou
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Adhesive System ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Joint Interface ◽  
Microwave Curing ◽  
Composite Joint ◽  
High Dielectric ◽  
Microwave Techniques

Abstract In conventional joining of composite materials and sandwich structures, reductions in processing time are limited by inefficient heat transfer. In conventional processing the thermal energy must diffuse through the composite layers to heat the joint interface and cure the thermosetting adhesive, and this outside-in process of heating results in excessive processing times and wasted energy. The purpose of the current work is to examine microwave heating as an alternative to conventional heating for joining of composite structures. Through proper material selection, microwaves are able to penetrate the substrate materials and cure the adhesives in-situ. Selective heating with microwaves is achieved by incorporating interlayer materials that have high dielectric loss properties relative to the substrate materials. In this study, a processing window for elevated temperature curing of an epoxy paste adhesive system (HYSOL EA 9359.3) was developed and composite joint systems were manufactured using conventional and microwave techniques and tested in shear. Microwave curing resulted in both enhanced shear strength and less scatter in experimental data.

Chapter 9 Observations of the Polar Regions from Satellites using Active and Passive Microwave Techniques

1985 ◽  
pp. 335-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Swift ◽  
D.J. Cavalieri ◽  
P. Gloersen ◽  
H.J. Zwally ◽  
N.M. Mognard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Microwave ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Microwave Techniques

Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in Electromagnetics- Case Studies

2012 ◽  
pp. 72-99
Author(s):  
Arezoo Modiri ◽  
Kamran Kiasaleh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Multilayer Structures ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Electromagnetic Problems ◽  
Microwave Techniques ◽  
High Level

This chapter is intended to describe the vast intrinsic potential of the swarm-intelligence-based algorithms in solving complicated electromagnetic problems. This task is accomplished through addressing the design and analysis challenges of some key real-world problems, ranging from the design of wearable radiators to tumor detection tools. Some of these problems have already been tackled by solution techniques other than particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the results of which can be found in the literature. However, due to the relatively high level of complexity and randomness inherent to these problems, one has to resort to oversimplification in order to arrive at reasonable solutions utilizing analytical techniques. In this chapter, the authors discuss some recent studies that utilize PSO algorithm particularly in two emerging areas; namely, efficient design of reconfigurable radiators and permittivity estimation of multilayer structures. These problems, although unique, represent a broader range of problems in practice which employ microwave techniques for antenna design and microwave imaging.

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