scholarly journals Direct Observation of Crystal Facet Transformation During Gold-Tin Alloy Electroplating

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Bath Composition ◽  
Transformation Behavior ◽  
Crystal Facet ◽  
Tin Alloys ◽  
First Time

Gold-Tin alloys are commonly used as solder materials in semiconductor industries. In this work, Au-Sn alloys have been electroplated with different bath conditions. For the first time, Au-Sn alloy single crystals have been observed. There are two kinds of single crystals were grown with the compositions of Au4Sn and Au2Sn, different from literature-stated Au5Sn and AuSn. The effects of bath composition and plating factors on crsytal facet development of Au-Sn deposits have been investigated. SEM/EDX analysis showed that only Au4Sn and Au2Sn phases are single crystals among all plated deposits. The growth of either Au4Sn or Au2Sn phases showed preferred orientation with plating conditions. We report on quantitative SEM/EDX characterizations used to study the facet transformation behavior of Au-Sn alloy at the nanometer scale. We have obtained direct evidence that the single crystals and crystal facet transformation of Au4Sn and Au2Sn does exist in Au-Sn alloy, and high Sn content enhanced the crystal growth through a spiral-like growth mechanism.

Large-sized crystal growth and piezoelectric properties of the single crystals of LiNa5Mo9O30

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1912-1917
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Du ◽  
Fuan Liu ◽  
Zeliang Gao ◽  
Xiaojie Guo ◽  
Xiangmei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Piezoelectric Properties ◽  
First Time ◽  
Octahedral Distortion

Single crystals of LiNa5Mo9O30 with seeds in the a-, b- and c-directions were successfully grown using the TSSG method. Full sets of dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric matrices of the crystal were determined first time. The octahedral distortion and dipole moment are calculated to explain the piezoelectric properties.

scholarly journals Growth and structure of K2CoxNi(1-x)(SO4)2·6H2O mixed single crystals

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1029-C1029
Author(s):  
Natalie Vasilyeva ◽  
Marina Grigorieva ◽  
Alexander Antipin ◽  
Natalia Sorokina ◽  
Alexey Voloshin
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Liquid Solution ◽  
Mixed Crystals ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Nickel Ions ◽  
Distorted Octahedral ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

To date, crystals of Tutton salts with the general formula (M+)2M2+(SO4)2*6N2O (where M+- alkali metal or ammonium, M2+ - bivalent metal - Co2+, Ni2+) are used as a materials for ultraviolet (UV) filters. Only in recent year effort of ternary crystal growth has been taken. The main problem of mixed crystal growth from liquid solution is high level of the crystal inhomogeneity, which leads to generation of the elastic stress, inclusion trapping and micro- and macrocrack formation in the bulk crystal. For the first time the optically homogeneous mixed K2CoxNi(1 – x)(SO4)2 · 6H2O (KCNSH) large single crystals have been grown from solutions of different compositions by the temperature-reduction technique. Precise X-ray experiment of three mixed crystals was carried out by four-circle diffractometer CAD-4F and XcaliburS diffractometer with two-dimensional CCD detector at the room temperature. KCNSH crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c. Each Co2+ or Ni2+ ion is coordinated with six H2O molecules, forming a distorted octahedral (Co(H2O)6)2+ and (Ni(H2O)6)2+ unit. With increasing content of nickel ions in the crystal, the octahedral unit is narrowed and the unit cell volume is decreased. Chemical formulas refined using diffraction data are K2Co0.657Ni0.343(SO4)2·6H2O, K2Co0.226Ni0.774(SO4)2·6H2O and K2Co0.216Ni0.784(SO4)2·6H2O. Ratios of isomorphic cobalt and nickel components in the mixed crystals are conformed to data obtained by atomic emission spectroscopy. Effect of the Co2+ and Ni2+ ion ratio in KCNSH single crystal to crystal quality is considered.

Crystal Growth of Calcite Nano-Plate by Alternate Soaking Method, Using CDS Crystals

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 425-430
Author(s):  
Koya Hayashi ◽  
M. Tomohara ◽  
K. Fujino ◽  
Genta Sakane ◽  
Y. Katayama
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Structure Data ◽  
Lattice Matching ◽  
Dodecyl Sulfate

Hetero-epitaxial growth of calcite crystals on calcium dodecyl sulfate (Ca(DS)2 = CDS) single crystals was studied by alternate soaking method. The calcite (006) oriented single crystals grow on the (001) surface of the CDS. The hetero-epitaxial growth mechanism is discussed by the lattice matching of the a-c planes of calcite and CDS according to the structure data of the CDS single crystal.

Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3- Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 Crystals by Solid State Growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
Ke Pi Chen ◽  
Jin Song Pan ◽  
Xiao Wen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Boundary Migration ◽  
Single Crystal Growth ◽  
Plasma Sintering ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
State Growth

A small piece of <110> orientated relaxor-based ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) single crystals was embedded in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PNN-PT) polycrystalline matrix to form the fully dense disk by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. Specimens were subsequently annealed to promote the boundary migration of the template single-crystal through a process termed as solid-state single crystal growth. It was found that the addition of excess 5 wt% PbO can promote the crystal growth, and the 2D morphology with V-shaped single crystals of PMN-PNN-PT were also observed. The possible growth mechanism was discussed.

Montmorillonite Dendrites

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Necip Güven ◽  
Rodney W. Pease
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Growth Front ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Dendritic Crystal ◽  
Crystal Growth Mechanism

Morphological features of montmorillonite aggregates in a large number of samples suggest that they may be formed by a dendritic crystal growth mechanism (i.e., tree-like growth by branching of a growth front).

Crystal growth and scintillation properties of tube shape-controlled Ce-doped Y3Al5O12 single crystals grown by micro-pulling-down method

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 125503
Author(s):  
Atsushi Kotaki ◽  
Masao Yoshino ◽  
Yuui Yokota ◽  
Takashi Hanada ◽  
Akihiro Yamaji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Tube Shape ◽  
Shape Controlled

scholarly journals Electrodeposition of Copper and Brass Coatings with Olive-Like Structure

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1762
Author(s):  
Artur Maciej ◽  
Natalia Łatanik ◽  
Maciej Sowa ◽  
Izabela Matuła ◽  
Wojciech Simka
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Cathodic Current Density ◽  
Bath Composition ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Electrodeposited Coating ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
New Generation ◽  
First Time

One method of creating a brass coating is through electrodeposition, which is most often completed in cyanide galvanic baths. Due to their toxicity, many investigations focused on the development of more environmentally friendly alternatives. The purpose of the study was to explore a new generation of non-aqueous cyanide-free baths based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquids. The study involved the formation of copper, zinc, and brass coatings. The influence of the bath composition, cathodic current density, and temperature was determined. The obtained coatings were characterized in terms of their morphology, chemical composition, phase composition, roughness, and corrosion resistance. It was found that the structure of the obtained coatings is strongly dependent on the process parameters. The three main structure types observed were as follows: fine-grained, porous, and olive-like. To the best knowledge of the authors, it is the first time the olive-like structure was observed in the case of an electrodeposited coating. The Cu-Zn coatings consisted of 19–96 at. % copper and exhibited relatively good corrosion resistance. A significant improvement of corrosion properties was found in the case of copper and brass coatings with the olive-like structure.

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