Electrodeposition of Copper and Brass Coatings with Olive-Like Structure

One method of creating a brass coating is through electrodeposition, which is most often completed in cyanide galvanic baths. Due to their toxicity, many investigations focused on the development of more environmentally friendly alternatives. The purpose of the study was to explore a new generation of non-aqueous cyanide-free baths based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquids. The study involved the formation of copper, zinc, and brass coatings. The influence of the bath composition, cathodic current density, and temperature was determined. The obtained coatings were characterized in terms of their morphology, chemical composition, phase composition, roughness, and corrosion resistance. It was found that the structure of the obtained coatings is strongly dependent on the process parameters. The three main structure types observed were as follows: fine-grained, porous, and olive-like. To the best knowledge of the authors, it is the first time the olive-like structure was observed in the case of an electrodeposited coating. The Cu-Zn coatings consisted of 19–96 at. % copper and exhibited relatively good corrosion resistance. A significant improvement of corrosion properties was found in the case of copper and brass coatings with the olive-like structure.

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Electrodeposition of Copper and Brass Coatings with Olive-like Structure

10.20944/preprints202101.0593.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Artur Maciej ◽

Natalia Łatanik ◽

Maciej Sowa ◽

Wojciech Simka

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Cathodic Current Density ◽

Bath Composition ◽

Cathodic Current ◽

Corrosion Properties ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Electrodeposited Coating ◽

Copper Zinc ◽

New Generation ◽

First Time

One method of creating a brass coating is through electrodeposition, which is most often completed in cyanide galvanic baths. Because of the toxicity of cyanides, many are working on the development of cyanide-free baths, which are promising but not satisfactory to replace the classic methods. The purpose of the study was to explore a new generation of non-aqueous cyanide-free baths based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquids. The study involved the formation of copper, zinc, and brass coatings. The influence of the bath composition, cathodic current density, and temperature was determined. The obtained coatings were characterized by their morphology, chemical composition, roughness, and corrosion resistance. It was found that the structure of the obtained coatings is strongly dependent on the process parameters. The three main structures observed were fine-grained, porous, and olive-like. To the best knowledge of the authors, it is the first time the olive-like structure was observed in the case of an electrodeposited coating. The Cu-Zn coatings consisted of 19–96 at.% copper and exhibited relatively strong corrosion resistance. High improvement of corrosion properties was found in the case of copper and brass coatings with an olive-like structure.

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Electrochemistry of vanadium(II) and the electrodeposition of aluminum-vanadium alloys in the aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt

Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B Metallurgy ◽

10.2298/jmmb0302003t ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 39 (1-2) ◽

pp. 3-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

T. Tsuda ◽

C.L. Hussey

Keyword(s):

Molten Salt ◽

Aluminum Chloride ◽

Copper Wire ◽

Pure Aluminum ◽

Electrode Reaction ◽

Cathodic Current Density ◽

Cathodic Current ◽

Corrosion Properties ◽

Mole Percent ◽

Pitting Potential

The electrochemical behavior of vanadium(II) was examined in the 66.7-33.3 mole percent aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt containing dissolved VCl2 at 353 K. Voltammetry experiments revealed that V(II) could be electrochemically oxidized to V(III) and V(IV). However at slow scan rates the V(II)/V(III) electrode reaction is complicated by the rapid precipitation of V(III) as VCl3. The reduction of V(II) occurs at potentials considerably negative of the Al(III)/Al electrode reaction, and Al-V alloys cannot be electrodeposited from this melt. However electrodeposition experiments conducted in VCl2-saturated melt containing the additive, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, resulted in Al-V alloys. The vanadium content of these alloys increased with increasing cathodic current density or more negative applied potentials. X-ray analysis of Al-V alloys that were electrodeposited on a rotating copper wire substrate indicated that these alloys did not form or contain an intermetallic compound, but were non-equilibrium or metastable solid solutions. The chloride-pitting corrosion properties of these alloys were examined in aqueous NaCl by using potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Alloys containing ~10 a/o vanadium exhibited a pitting potential that was 0.3 V positive of that for pure aluminum.

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Effect of Al2O3 Ceramic Particles on Corrosion Behaviour and Tribological Properties of Nickel Composite Coatings

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials ◽

10.1515/amm-2016-0034 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 195-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Nowak ◽

A. Najder ◽

M. Opyrchał ◽

S. Boczkal ◽

J. Żelechowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tribological Properties ◽

Corrosion Behaviour ◽

Composite Coatings ◽

Bath Temperature ◽

Cathodic Current Density ◽

Cathodic Current ◽

Corrosion Properties ◽

Ceramic Particles ◽

Dispersed Particles ◽

Watts Bath

The paper presents a study on corrosion behaviour and tribological properties of nickel composite coatings deposited by electrochemical method on aluminium alloy from 2xxx series (AlCu4MgSi). The nickel composite coatings were produced in a Watts bath of the following chemical composition: NiSO4·7H2O 150 g/l, NiCl2·6H2O 30 g/l, H3BO3 30 g/l with the addition of saccharin in an amount of 2 g/l. As hard ceramic dispersed particles embedded in the coating, alumina (Al2O3) was used in an amount of 12,5; 25; 50 and 75 g/l. Coatings were produced using cathodic current density of 6 A/dm2, bath temperature of 60°C, pH 4, and the time 60 minutes. The electroplating bath was stirred with a mechanical stirrer (350 rpm). The results obtained were compared with a nickel coating deposited without the ceramic particles. It was found that the presence of Al2O3 increases the wear resistance of composite coatings, but does not significantly improve the corrosion properties.

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Properties of Ni-W alloy coatings on steel substrate

Chemical Papers ◽

10.2478/s11696-006-0064-2 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Z. Gáliková ◽

M. Chovancová ◽

V. Danielik

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Current Density ◽

Anodic Polarization ◽

Steel Substrate ◽

Cathodic Current Density ◽

Polarization Curves ◽

Tungsten Content ◽

Cathodic Current

AbstractNi-W alloy coatings were prepared on the steel substrate at the temperature of 60°C. The content of tungsten in coatings was increased with the growing cathodic current density. The increase of the corrosion resistance of Ni-W alloy coatings with the rising content of tungsten was confirmed by the measurement of anodic polarization curves. Annealed coatings showed better antioorrosion properties than the non-annealed ones. The properties of annealed coatings including their corrosion resistance depend on the tungsten content, too.

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ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION OF TIN–ZINC ALLOY FROM CITRATE–AMMONIA ELECTROLYTE

Bulletin of the National Technical University KhPI Series Chemistry Chemical Technology and Ecology ◽

10.20998/2079-0821.2021.01.10 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 61-67

Author(s):

Svitlana Hermanivna Deribo ◽

Serhii Anatoliiovych Leshchenko ◽

Valrii Pavlovych Gomozov ◽

Yuliia Ivanivna Kovalenko

Keyword(s):

Current Efficiency ◽

Electrochemical Deposition ◽

Current Density ◽

Zinc Content ◽

Cathode Current Density ◽

Cathodic Current Density ◽

Zinc Alloy ◽

Cathodic Current ◽

Corrosion Properties ◽

Fine Grained Structure

The cathodic processes of electrochemical deposition of a tin–zinc alloy in citrate–ammonia electrolytes have been investigated. The content of the main components of the investigated electrolyte (g/dm3): SnCl2·2H2O – 44, ZnO – 4, NH4Cl – 100, Na3C6H5O7 – 100. Wood glue (1.5 g/dm3) and neonol (4 ml/dm3) were added to the electrolyte as surfactants. It was found that high–quality coatings are deposited without heating and stirring only in the pH range from 6,0 to 7,0. The addition of these substances to the electrolyte is predicted to lead to inhibition of the reduction of metals, an improvement in the crystal structure of the deposit, but decreases the cathodic current efficiency. Hull cell studies showed that an electrolyte containing neonol as a surfactant showed better throwing power compared to other solutions. The dependence of the current efficiency of the alloy on the cathode current density showed that in the range of current densities from 0.5 A/dm2 to 4 A/dm2, the current efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 82 % to 52 %. The experimentally obtained dependence of the zinc content in the alloy on the cathodic current density showed the possibility of obtaining alloys with a zinc content of 8 % to 33 %. The obtained results allowed us to determine that for the deposition of an alloy with a zinc content of 20–25 %, which provides the best anti–corrosion properties of the coating, it is necessary to carry out the process at a cathodic current density of 1,5–2,0 A/dm2, while the current efficiency is about 70 %, and the deposition rate alloy is 0,44–0,54 μm/min. The received coatings have a semi–bright appearance, a fine–grained structure, light gray color, they are strongly adhered to the substrate.

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Recent developments in low-voltage SEM of polymers

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100150162 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 866-867

Author(s):

S.J. Krause ◽

W.W. Adams

Keyword(s):

Low Voltage ◽

Chromatic Aberration ◽

Thermal Electron ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Beam Currents ◽

New Generation ◽

First Time ◽

Voltage Scanning ◽

Beam Damage

Over the past decade low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) of polymers has evolved from an interesting curiosity to a powerful analytical technique. This development has been driven by improved instrumentation and in particular, reliable field emission gun (FEG) SEMs. The usefulness of LVSEM has also grown because of an improved theoretical and experimental understanding of sample-beam interactions and by advances in sample preparation and operating techniques. This paper will review progress in polymer LVSEM and present recent results and developments in the field.In the early 1980s a new generation of SEMs produced beam currents that were sufficient to allow imaging at low voltages from 5keV to 0.5 keV. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to routinely image uncoated polymers at voltages below their negative charging threshold, the "second crossover", E2 (Fig. 1). LVSEM also improved contrast and reduced beam damage in sputter metal coated polymers. Unfortunately, resolution was limited to a few tenths of a micron due to the low brightness and chromatic aberration of thermal electron emission sources.

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MUNTZ METAL

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0025 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Zinc Alloy ◽

Good Strength ◽

Copper Zinc

Abstract MUNTZ METAL is a 60-40 copper-zinc alloy having good strength but low ductility. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-25. Producer or source: Copper alloy mills.

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NAVAL BRASS

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0021 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 3 (12) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

High Strength ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Zinc Alloy ◽

Copper Zinc

Abstract NAVAL BRASS is a copper-zinc alloy, containing 3/4% of tin, having high strength, toughness and resistance to corrosion. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-21. Producer or source: Brass mills.

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COPPER ALLOY No. C84200

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0446 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 31 (10) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Lead Alloy ◽

Good Resistance ◽

Copper Zinc ◽

Pipe Fittings ◽

Strength And Ductility

Abstract Copper Alloy No. C84200 is a free-cutting copper-zinc-tin-lead alloy. It is characterized by good casting properties, moderate strength and ductility, good machinability and good resistance to corrosion. Formerly used named (not recommended) are 101, Leaded Semi-Red Brass and 80-5-2.5-12.5. Typical applications are pipe fittings, bushings, locknuts and unions. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-446. Producer or source: Copper alloy foundries. See also Alloy Digest Cu-450, December 1982.

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ANACONDA ALLOY 268

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0442 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 31 (8) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Cold Working ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Zinc Alloy ◽

Wide Range ◽

Copper Zinc ◽

Cold Worked

Abstract ANACONDA Alloy 268 is a copper-zinc alloy with excellent cold-working properties; it can be cold worked by all the conventional fabrication processes. Its corrosion resistance is excellent-to-good in most environments. This alloy has a wide range of applications including items such as springs, bathroom fixtures, automotive radiators, lamp sockets and sanitary traps. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-442. Producer or source: Anaconda American Brass Company.

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