Employment Pattern and Extent of Under-utilisation of Manpower in Rural Baran; Areas of Pakistan

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1225-1233
Author(s):  
Sabur Ghayur
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
North West ◽  
North West Frontier Province ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Employment Pattern

The barani (rain-fed) region accounts for about a fifth of the cultivated area in Pakistan. It has the potential to significantly increase crop production levels. Similarly, considerable scope exists in this area for the development of forests, fruit and vegetable gardening, pasture and stock rearing. Most of the natural resources are also found in this tract. Its hilly areas possess a vast potential for tourism. Besides, significant opportunities exist for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. An optimum utilisation of all this potential, obviously, is employmentgenerating and income-augmenting. Despite all such realisations this region as a whole, unfortunately, is identified as the least attended to area in terms of provision of socio-physical infrastructure, other development programmes and, even, research work. This led to a deterioration of the employment situation in the barani region as a whole. A poor information base and analysis thereof on employment and manpower related variables is also the consequence of such a treatment to this area. I This paper, using the data of a field survey, tries to fill, though partly, the vacuum on employment and related variables in the rural barani region. An attempt is made here to record and analyse the labour force participation rates, employment pattern (main economic activities) and unemployment/underemployment levels prevailing in the rural baran; areas of the provinces of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP).

scholarly journals Comprehensive Socioeconomic and Demographic Profile of Farm Households in West Bengal, India

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
G. Samba Siva ◽  
D. S. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Family Income ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Climatic Zones

Socio demographic data of Comprehensive Scheme for study on Cost of cultivation of Principal Crops (CCPC) has been utilized in the present study to identify the distribution of social, economic and demographic characteristics of farm households among different agro climatic zones of West Bengal. The demographic study observed that majority farmers in the study area are small farmers (43.83%) with an average land holding size of 1.5 hectares and have crop production as a major occupation. The households in this study are medium sized families (4 to 6 members). The educational status of households revealed that 80.70% were literates and only 19.30% were illiterates. Majority of them have secondary level of education and minimum of two members earn money for their family. The annual family income of farm households revealed that 50.67% farm households annual income range falls below Rs. 24,000 per annum, and they were considered as living under the poverty line. The average labour force participation rate in West Bengal is 67%. Chi square test revealed that the distribution of these characteristics viz. land holding size (= 32.55; P < .01), farmers’ education (= 46.22; P < .01), farm household education (= 58.42; P < .01), farmers’ age (= 39.94; P < .01), dependency status (= 30.05; P < .01), labour force participation rate (= 17.69; P = .05), farmers occupation (= 27.63; P = .05) and annual net family income (= 35.33; P = .05) found significant and independent among the different agro-climatic zones of West Bengal. It is concluded that the significant socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are crucial as it gives insight into the influence of capital and education on the household economic status. We recommended that the constructive plans should be formulated to take advantage of these aspects, which could positively alter the economic conditions of the farming community.

scholarly journals Women’s participations in economic and NGO activities in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 491-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz T.A. Khan ◽  
Twyeafur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Number Of Children

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine key factors affecting the economic involvement of women in Bangladesh and women’s involvement with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) particularly in microcredit operating in that country. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses nationally representative data set. Quantitative analysis was utilised to explore data contained in the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys 2007 and 2011. Findings – The findings indicate that age, marital status, number of children living in the household, place of residence, geographical location, education, partner’s education and the wealth index are important factors in enabling women’s involvement in economic activities. In other words, the key findings emerged from the study are first, the low level of women’s economic activities in Bangladesh with a majority involved in farming, agriculture and poultry; second, those women involved in the labour market generally tended to come from poor backgrounds, have very little education, live in the Northwest geographical region and have a large family living in the same house; and finally, age, currently married, having a higher number of children, living in rural areas, from the Northwest region with almost no education and belonging to the poor wealth index quintile are found to be associated more with NGO activities in Bangladesh. Social implications – The findings indicate there are potential barriers that are preventing Bangladeshi women from engaging in the labour market that could reinforce the case for reshaping the government’s labour policies. The study reveals that the recent economic crisis has no significant impact on the women labour force participation as well their involvement in NGO activities in Bangladesh. It is generally understood that enhancing women’s economic participation and NGO activities has a positive impact at family, community and country levels. The study concludes that investing in women, particularly in creating employment opportunities including NGO sectors can help the country as a safeguard even during the economic crisis. It is anticipated that the findings will help policy-makers in enhancing female labour force participation as well as encouraging them to engage in NGO activities in Bangladesh. Originality/value – The research paper is original in terms of conceptual framework, research design and statistical analysis.

scholarly journals How Do Women Decide to Work in Pakistan?

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (4II) ◽  
pp. 495-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zareen F. Naqvi ◽  
Lubna Shahnaz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Total Labour

The incidence of women labour force participation is very low in Pakistan. According to the Labour Force Survey, 1999-2000 female participation rate was merely 14 percent of the total labour force. Even though average annual growth rate of female labour force participation has been increasing slightly in Pakistan; it was 4 percent in 1980-99 and has gone up to 5.1 percent during 1995-98,1 however, this rate is still very low as compared to the other South Asian countries—42 percent in Bangladesh, 41 percent in Nepal, 32 percent in India and Bhutan, 37 percent in Sri Lanka [World Bank (2002)]. This paper is an attempt to identify household related factors that lead to women participation in the economic activities. This issue has been taken up in a number of other studies.2 The innovative aspect of this paper is that it relates women’s decision to participate in economic activities with their empowerment—who makes the decision to participate in the labour force—whether it is the women themselves or others. We would like to state at the very onset that this paper is a first cut to explore the issues of women’s participation in economic activities and their and empowerment. We hope to get feedback in the conference to improve the technical aspects of this paper and explore other aspects of this issue.

Female Labour Force Participation in India: Insights Through Time Use Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-199
Author(s):  
A. Srija ◽  
Shirke Shrinivas Vijay
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Time Use Survey

Labour market employment statistics covers less than 50% of all the work performed each week, and on a gender basis, the coverage is 75% of men’s work and 33% of women’s work (Ironmonger,1999). The Periodic Labour Force Survey (2018-19) results show a gap of 35.4% and 40.6% between male–female LFPR (usual status: principal + subsidiary). About 42.5% of the women (age group 15+ years) are engaged in domestic duties only while 14.2% engaged in domestic duties are also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed, etc.), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc. for household consumption. As the burden of unpaid domestic duties falls largely on the females, their activities go uncaptured. It is, therefore, important to understand the time disposition of women and their burden of work so as to help informed policy formulation inclusive of women. Using the results of the Time Use Survey (2019) and the Periodic Labour Force Surveys, this study tries to better understand the gamut of paid and unpaid economic activities undertaken by women in India and aims to get better insights into the factors affecting the female labour force participation in rural and urban India. This study reflects that the double burden of unpaid domestic and caregiving activities is prevalent irrespective of the education level of the women, the income levels of the household and is equally affecting women in rural as well as urban Indian households. The findings support the fact that the predominance of time disposition on non-SNA activities negatively affects the choice of economic activities undertaken by women and there is a need to address this divide of time disposition of men and women in non-SNA activities in order to increase the female Labour Force Participation. Using cross country comparison of the G20 countries, it is observed that distribution of domestic and caregiving activities among men and women has a positive impact on the labour force participation of women. While it may be difficult to quantify the entire gamut of unpaid domestic and care giving activities into the SNA and come with improved GDP estimate, ways to reduce the burden of unpaid domestic duties can always be thought of as mentioned in the section on policy interventions. JEL Classification: J220

scholarly journals NGOs and Gender Development, the Case of AKRSP in District Chitral, NWFP, Pakistan

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Humayun Khan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
North West ◽  
North West Frontier Province ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

The empowerment of women and improvement of their socioeconomic status are essential ingredients of economic, political and social development. To achieve these objectives, the Government and NGOs have launched a number of programs in various parts of the country. The Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) is working on the same agenda in Northern districts of North West Frontier Province (NWFP). The aim of the present research was to study the gender related interventions introduced by the AKRSP in District Chitral. The study findings show that the gender related interventions introduced by AKRSP have played a key role in the development of rural women in the area under reference. In addition to the provision of water supply schemes, health and credit facilities, training has also been imparted to the local women in different sectors of the rural economy including: agriculture, livestock management, vocational and enterprise development. This training has had a positive effect on economic activities performed by rural women and has enhanced the income of the respondents from various economic activities in their respective fields in the research area. Another major effect of the AKRSP interventions was the saving of time of rural women that had been spent on fetching water before these interventions. Though these interventions have improved the socio-economic conditions of women to a greater extent in the area, their sustainability requires regular monitoring and follow-up of training.

scholarly journals Determinants of Female Time Allocation in Selected Districts of Rural Pakistan

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1141-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargis Sultana ◽  
Hina Nazli ◽  
Sohail J. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Rural Pakistan

This paper attempts to explain female time allocation for rural women in selected districts of Pakistan. This topic is of considerable importance for several reasons. At an academic leveL the fact that the female labour force participation decision and the hours worked are jointly determined raises interesting problems of modelling and econometric estimation in taking account of the selectivity bias thus introduced into OLS estimation. At the policy level, an insight into the factors influencing female labour force participation is extremely important in a developing country such as Pakistan where the majority of females do not participate in mainstream economic activities. The objective of this study is to determine the factors affecting the optimum time allocation between market and housework of females in rural Pakistan. In a male dominated society like Pakistan with strong cultural taboos, a woman's labour force participation can be expected to depend significantly on non-market factors. In this study we examine, in particular, whether women's decisions not to work outside the home are influenced more by social norms, for example purdah and patriarchy, or by economic constraints such as lack of relevant education and training, non-availability of job opportunities and low wages etc.

scholarly journals SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES, THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE AND THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF KACHIN STATE

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
John Walsh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Outreach Program ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Sustainable Improvement ◽  
Management Capability ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Impact

Kachin individuals and organizations operate within a dense and complex web of domestic and cross-border links that integrate them into a series of network relationships with communities around them. Problems with governance, lack of ability in terms of nation-building and the prevalence of high-risk economic activities have been some of the factors that have constrained economic growth for the State, which represents a similar situation for other spatially outlying people of Myanmar such as the Naga and the Chin. Some limited attempts have been made to create coherent economic organizations so as to help to promote peaceful governance of the land and the needed replacement of opium growing offers an opportunity for cash crop production and exporting that has been successfully exploited elsewhere. However, limitations to the labour force and to resource management capability mean that endogenous economic development is a very limited prospect. An available alternative to internal development is to be the recipient of externally imposed developmental initiatives. Notable among these initiatives is an industrial park or a special economic zone to be built by Chinese capital, such as the proposed Kanpiketi border park. Such an initiative would take its place alongside existing and proposed Chinese projects in Kyaukphyu, Yangon and elsewhere, which have achieved mixed levels of success. Is it possible that such projects, as part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative outreach program, could offer meaningful and sustainable improvement to the standard of living of people in Kachin State? If so, what would be the impact of a new mode of economic activity on existing patterns of Kachin ways of life? This paper uses a case study approach rooted in management science to investigate the possibilities of these initiatives with a view to understanding the potential of such changes.

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