Trade and Industrialisation Revisited (The Iqbal Memorial Lecture)

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4I) ◽  
pp. 359-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. D. Little
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Export Policies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Development Literature

In 1970 the book Industry and Trade in Some Developing Countries by myself, Tibor Scitovsky and Maurice Scott was published (referred to henceforth as LSS). It exposed the bad effects of the import substitution policies which had been the prevailing mode of industrialisation in developing countries for a long time. It advocated the elimination of quotas and a uniform tariff of 10-15 percent. The exchange rate should be adjusted to ensure that exports were competitive. If any industry was, exceptionally, to receive more promotion than that implied by the low tariff, this should be by some form of subsidisation which should not exceed another 10-15 percent of domestic value-added. LSS is, I believe, still the most quoted work on the subject. l It was quite closely related in theory to the methods of cost-benefit analysis proposed by Little and Mirrlees (1974) (referred to henceforth as LM). While the influence of LSS on the development literature was extensive, neither it nor LM would seem to have had any influence whatever on the policies of most developing countries for a decade. This is, perhaps, the normal fate of policyoriented books. Korea and Taiwan continued with the export policies they had already initiated. Admittedly these policies eliminated the bias against exports inherent in protective policies, a bias that LSS had castigated. But Korea, and to a lesser extent Taiwan, also reverted in the 1970s to the selective promotion of some mainly capital intensive industries (referred to as Heavy and Chemical Industiies (HCI) in Korea) producing tradables. In Korea, towards the end of the 1970s, it is possible that LSS played some part in the modification of the HCI drive. But only in Chile was the policy of a low uniform tariff, as advocated by LSS, wholly adopted. Chile has stuck to this policy.

Cost-benefit analysis in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euston Quah ◽  
Tsiat Siong Tan ◽  
Zach J.L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis

scholarly journals Digital Service Taxes and Their Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megersa Kelbesa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Digital Service

Many developing economies have seen a rise in e-commerce activity within their borders, and a decline in income from traditional industries as a result of COVID-19, meaning the digital economy offers a potentially unexploited source of tax revenue. . As a result, more developing countries may soon begin adopting some sort of digital tax. The economic activities which may be subject to the Digital Services Tax (DST) may vary from country to country. It will, therefore, be necessary for businesses operating in multiple jurisdictions across developing countries to keep up with the changes in digital taxes. Before implementing a DST scheme, developing countries are advised to perform an in-depth cost-benefit analysis and due considerations. Some developing (and several developed) countries have already unilaterally implemented a “provisional” DST system. Other developing countries are on the process of implementing DST or have simply announced that they will implement a DST soon. Although most of the countries so far actively working on DST (are rich countries, a growing list of developing countries are joining the process. Some examples include the following: Malaysia, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Argentina and, Chile. It is important to mention that the literature on DST is very limited – although growing, and the evidence base around the economic impacts is particularly scarce. This is partly due to the quite recent nature of DST implementation. The evidence is even scarcer for developing countries – Due to these limitations, this rapid evidence review looks at different types of available literature – including reports and blogs issued by international financial institutions and development agencies. The rest of the report will give an overview of key proposed approaches to tax the digital economy, provide a very brief account of the economic impact of DST, provide a brief mapping of the implementation of digital service taxes in developing countries, provide a brief description of each DST system and about the economic impact of the DST, finally a brief account or attributes of a “good” DST system.

The Historical Evolution of Alternative Metrics for Developing Countries’ Food and Agriculture Policy Assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-334
Author(s):  
Tim Josling
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Equilibrium Models ◽  
Policy Assessment ◽  
General Equilibrium Models

The demand for quantitative assessments of the impacts of food and agricultural policies has grown steadily in the past four decades. From the application of social cost-benefit analysis to investments in developing countries in the 1970s to the use of increasingly sophisticated general equilibrium models today, the menu of available techniques for policy assessment has expanded rapidly. In addition, both partial and general equilibrium models have been developed to analyze world markets for agricultural commodities and the effects of government policies on such markets. Alongside the modeling of markets and the quantitative impact of policies, several indicators have been developed that build on trade policy measures, including effective protection and tariff equivalents. One example is the producer subsidy equivalent. This has been used by the OECD to estimate the level of support provided by government policies to the agricultural sector. The indicators have more recently been applied to developing countries as a form of benchmarking to give a snapshot of the transfers among stakeholders inherent in such policies.

scholarly journals The Application of Economic Value Added on Green Facilities of Urban Agriculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
Kuo Wei Hsu ◽  
Shang Zhen Liao
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Value Added ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Production And Consumption

Green facilities of urban agriculture offer a fertile ground for green innovation, such as rooftop gardens, green curtains, and indoor plant growing, which create a new forms of urban farming economy. The previous studies for cost-benefit analysis of urban agriculture indicated that green facilities could contribute both quantitative and qualitative benefits. The value of green facility strategies of urban agriculture may often be underestimated without transforming qualitative benefits to quantitative benefits. This study examined the effects of green facilities of urban agriculture development in Taiwan. The market reaction was explored by adopting economic value added (EVA) technique for the measurement of both quantitative and qualitative value contributed by green facilities. The results from this study support that there exists interaction between qualitative factors such as indirect economic benefits and social psychological benefits and quantitative factors, agricultural production and energy saving impacted by green facilities. The study concluded that consumers of urban agricultural crops are willing to pay more for eco-friendly products. The establishment of relationship between urban agricultural production and consumption can contribute to sustainability while generating economic opportunities.

scholarly journals Fetal Down syndrome screening models for developing countries; Part II: Cost-benefit analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanane Wanapirak ◽  
Piyaluk Buddhawongsa ◽  
Woraluck Himakalasa ◽  
Auttapan Sarnwong ◽  
Theera Tongsong
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Secondary Screening

Abstract Background To identify the most cost-beneficial model as a national policy of screening and diagnosis of fetal Down syndrome (DS) in developing countries. Methods Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was performed based on the effectiveness and probabilities derived from a large prospective study on MSS (maternal serum screening) among Thai population. Various models including maternal age alone, STS (second trimester screen), I-S (independent screen: first or second trimester screen depending on the time of first visit), C-S (contingent serum screen) plus STS, maternal age with NIPS (non-invasive prenatal test), STS alone with NIPS, I-S with NIPS, C-S plus STS with NIPS, and Universal NIPS were compared. Results I-S with NIPS as a secondary screening was most cost-beneficial (Benefit/Cost ratio 4.28). Cost-benefit is directly related to the costs of NIPS. Conclusion In addition to simplicity and feasibility, I-S with expensive NIPS as a secondary screening is the most cost-beneficial method for low resource settings and should be included in universal healthcare coverage as a national policy. This study could be a model for developing countries or a guideline for international health organizations to help low resource countries, probably leading to a paradigm shift in prenatal diagnosis of fetal DS in the developing world.

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