scholarly journals Codon Usage of Chloroplast Gene rbcL in Laurencia sensu lato (Rhodophyta) species

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Cabrera ◽  
Jhoana Díaz-Larrea ◽  
Arsenio J. Areces ◽  
Laura Nuñez García ◽  
J. RicardoJ. Ricardo Cruz-Aviña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Rbcl Gene ◽  
Codon Preference ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
First Time ◽  
Composition Pattern

Recent advances in molecular biology make it possible to sequence not only genes or genomes, but also to understand codon dynamics. For the organelle genes of these organisms, a small set of preferred codons are used for encoding proteins. For the first time, this paper treats the divergence of synonymous codon usage and its bias in the rbcL gene within the Laurencia complex of red algae. We observed that the synonymous codon preference biases in rbcL are large and differ among species. A clear distinction in codon usage between genera is evident: the genera Dasya and Delesseria use a set that fluctuated between 53 and 58 codons. Whereas, in the genera Ceramium, Chondrophycus, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Laurencia s.s, Osmundea, and Palisada codon usage indicates a higher restriction fluctuating between 40 to 51 codons. Laurencia complex genera and other representative algae showed a defined composition pattern, with lower percentage values of NNC/G (7-24.9%). Dasya and Delesseria showed a selective pattern tendency because of high percentage values of NNC/G (54-55%). The estimated codon bias parameters were tested to infer systematic relationships and match suitable codons with the NNC / G codon percentages. Cluster analysis based on Codon Usage supports phylogenetic relationships between Chondrophycus, Palisada, Laurencia, Osmundea, and Yuzurua species.

scholarly journals Synonymous codon usage in Drosophila melanogaster: natural selection and translational accuracy.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 927-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Akashi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Codon Usage ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
Codon Preference ◽  
Translational Accuracy

Abstract I present evidence that natural selection biases synonymous codon usage to enhance the accuracy of protein synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Since the fitness cost of a translational misincorporation will depend on how the amino acid substitution affects protein function, selection for translational accuracy predicts an association between codon usage in DNA and functional constraint at the protein level. The frequency of preferred codons is significantly higher at codons conserved for amino acids than at nonconserved codons in 38 genes compared between D. melanogaster and Drosophila virilis or Drosophila pseudoobscura (Z = 5.93, P < 10(-6)). Preferred codon usage is also significantly higher in putative zinc-finger and homeodomain regions than in the rest of 28 D. melanogaster transcription factor encoding genes (Z = 8.38, P < 10(-6)). Mutational alternatives (within-gene differences in mutation rates, amino acid changes altering codon preference states, and doublet mutations at adjacent bases) do not appear to explain this association between synonymous codon usage and amino acid constraint.

Codon Usage Bias Covaries With Expression Breadth and the Rate of Synonymous Evolution in Humans, but This Is Not Evidence for Selection

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 159 (3) ◽  
pp. 1191-1199
Author(s):  
Araxi O Urrutia ◽  
Laurence D Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Bias ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Nucleotide Composition ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Synonymous Substitutions ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Nucleotide Content ◽  
Expression Breadth ◽  
Human Genes

Abstract In numerous species, from bacteria to Drosophila, evidence suggests that selection acts even on synonymous codon usage: codon bias is greater in more abundantly expressed genes, the rate of synonymous evolution is lower in genes with greater codon bias, and there is consistency between genes in the same species in which codons are preferred. In contrast, in mammals, while nonequal use of alternative codons is observed, the bias is attributed to the background variance in nucleotide concentrations, reflected in the similar nucleotide composition of flanking noncoding and exonic third sites. However, a systematic examination of the covariants of codon usage controlling for background nucleotide content has yet to be performed. Here we present a new method to measure codon bias that corrects for background nucleotide content and apply this to 2396 human genes. Nearly all (99%) exhibit a higher amount of codon bias than expected by chance. The patterns associated with selectively driven codon bias are weakly recovered: Broadly expressed genes have a higher level of bias than do tissue-specific genes, the bias is higher for genes with lower rates of synonymous substitutions, and certain codons are repeatedly preferred. However, while these patterns are suggestive, the first two patterns appear to be methodological artifacts. The last pattern reflects in part biases in usage of nucleotide pairs. We conclude that we find no evidence for selection on codon usage in humans.

scholarly journals Effect of genome composition and codon bias on infectious bronchitis virus evolution and adaptation to target tissues

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Claudia Maria Tucciarone ◽  
Matteo Legnardi ◽  
Mattia Cecchinato
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Bias ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Effective Number Of Codons

Abstract Background Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most relevant viruses affecting the poultry industry, and several studies have investigated the factors involved in its biological cycle and evolution. However, very few of those studies focused on the effect of genome composition and the codon bias of different IBV proteins, despite the remarkable increase in available complete genomes. In the present study, all IBV complete genomes were downloaded (n = 383), and several statistics representative of genome composition and codon bias were calculated for each protein-coding sequence, including but not limited to, the nucleotide odds ratio, relative synonymous codon usage and effective number of codons. Additionally, viral codon usage was compared to host codon usage based on a collection of highly expressed genes in IBV target and nontarget tissues. Results The results obtained demonstrated a significant difference among structural, non-structural and accessory proteins, especially regarding dinucleotide composition, which appears under strong selective forces. In particular, some dinucleotide pairs, such as CpG, a probable target of the host innate immune response, are underrepresented in genes coding for pp1a, pp1ab, S and N. Although genome composition and dinucleotide bias appear to affect codon usage, additional selective forces may act directly on codon bias. Variability in relative synonymous codon usage and effective number of codons was found for different proteins, with structural proteins and polyproteins being more adapted to the codon bias of host target tissues. In contrast, accessory proteins had a more biased codon usage (i.e., lower number of preferred codons), which might contribute to the regulation of their expression level and timing throughout the cell cycle. Conclusions The present study confirms the existence of selective forces acting directly on the genome and not only indirectly through phenotype selection. This evidence might help understanding IBV biology and in developing attenuated strains without affecting the protein phenotype and therefore immunogenicity.

scholarly journals The Effect of Multiple Evolutionary Selections on Synonymous Codon Usage of Genes in the Mycoplasma bovis Genome

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e108949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-hua Zhou ◽  
Yao-zhong Ding ◽  
Ying He ◽  
Yue-feng Chu ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis

Analysis of synonymous codon usage inShigella flexneri2a strain 301 and otherShigellaandEscherichia colistrains

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1016-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Lian Luo ◽  
Jian Guo Xu ◽  
Chang Yun Ye
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Usage Bias ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Usage Pattern ◽  
Mutational Pressure ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shigella Flexneri 2A ◽  
Usage Patterns

In this study, we analysed synonymous codon usage in Shigella flexneri 2a strain 301 (Sf301) and performed a comparative analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in Sf301 and other strains of Shigella and Escherichia coli . Although there was a significant variety in codon usage bias among different Sf301 genes, there was a slight but observable codon usage bias that could primarily be attributable to mutational pressure and translational selection. In addition, the relative abundance of dinucleotides in Sf301 was observed to be independent of the overall base composition but was still caused by differential mutational pressure; this also shaped codon usage. By comparing the relative synonymous codon usage values across different Shigella and E. coli strains, we suggested that the synonymous codon usage pattern in the Shigella genomes was strain specific. This study represents a comprehensive analysis of Shigella codon usage patterns and provides a basic understanding of the mechanisms underlying codon usage bias.

scholarly journals Characteristics of synonymous codon usage bias in the beginning region of West Nile virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 7347-7355 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.X. Ma ◽  
Y.P. Feng ◽  
J.L. Liu ◽  
L. Chen ◽  
Y.Q. Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Usage Bias ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
West Nile ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage Bias
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