scholarly journals The distribution of Liotryphon caudatus a parasitoid of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in Hawkes Bay apple orchards

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
L.M. Cole ◽  
J.T.S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Corrugated Cardboard ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production

The ichneumonid parasitoid Liotryphon caudatus was introduced into New Zealand in 1906 for biological control of codling moth Cydia pomonella a pest of pipfruit Following release it was found in the Auckland area with only isolated recoveries in the 1970s in Waikato and Hawkes Bay In 2010 96 parasitism of codling moth by L caudatus in larvae collected from a Hawkes Bay orchard was recorded Liotryphon caudatus harvested from this collection were used to establish a laboratory colony for behavioural observations In 2011 15 sites across Hawkes Bay comprising abandoned organic and Integrated Fruit Production apple orchards were surveyed for the presence of L caudatus Cocooned codling moth larvae in corrugated cardboard bands were placed at each site for 3 weeks and assessed for parasitism Liotryphon caudatus was recovered from four of five abandoned orchards with up to 13 parasitism but was not found in either organic or IFP orchards

scholarly journals Longevity and fecundity of laboratoryreared Liotryphon caudatus an ectoparasitoid of codling moth

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 318-318
Author(s):  
V.A. Davis ◽  
W.R.M. Sandanayaka ◽  
J.G. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Mastrus Ridens

Liotryphon caudatus was introduced into New Zealand to control codling moth (CM; Cydia pomonella) in the early 1900s As part of ongoing research into the biological control of CM a laboratory colony of L caudatus was established from fieldcollected adults reared on diapausing CM larvae The longevity and fecundity of laboratoryreared L caudatus adults were measured at 231C and 16 h photoperiod Longevity in a nonhost environment was measured by holding a newly emerged female and a male in a container with water and food Survival of 18 pairs was monitored daily The food and water in the containers were refreshed regularly The fecundity and the longevity of females were measured by providing five diapausing CM larvae to each of nine mated females (age 710 days) in a similar container with food and water The CM larvae were replaced every 48 hours until the females were dead In the interactions between L caudatus and Mastrus ridens a recently released gregarious ectoparasitoid of codling moth in applegrowing areas where L caudatus has already established

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Mating Disruption, Insecticides, and the Sterile Insect Technique on Cydia pomonella in New Zealand

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 837
Author(s):  
Rachael M. Horner ◽  
Peter L. Lo ◽  
David J. Rogers ◽  
James T. S. Walker ◽  
David Maxwell Suckling
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
High Level ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production

Codling moth was introduced into New Zealand, and remains a critical pest for the apple industry. Apples exported to some markets require strict phytosanitary measures to eliminate the risk of larval infestation. Mating disruption and insecticide applications are the principal means of suppression in New Zealand. We tested the potential for the sterile insect technique (SIT) to supplement these measures to achieve local eradication or suppression of this pest. SIT was trialed in an isolated group of six integrated fruit production (IFP) orchards and one organic orchard (total 391 ha), using sterilized insects imported from Canada, with release by unmanned aerial vehicle and from the ground. Eradication was not achieved across the region, but a very high level of codling moth suppression was achieved at individual orchards after the introduction of sterile moths in combination with mating disruption and larvicides. After six years of releases, catches of wild codling moths at three IFP orchards (224 ha) were 90–99% lower than in 2013–2014, the year before releases began. Catches at three other IFP orchards (129 ha) decreased by 67–97% from the year before releases began (2015–2016), from lower initial levels. At a certified organic orchard with a higher initial population under only organic larvicides and mating disruption, by 2019–2020, there was an 81% reduction in wild moths capture from 2016–2017, the year before releases began.

scholarly journals New Tools for Conservation Biological Control: Testing Ant-Attracting Artificial Nectaries to Employ Ants as Plant Defenders

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Enrico Schifani ◽  
Cristina Castracani ◽  
Daniele Giannetti ◽  
Fiorenza Augusta Spotti ◽  
Roberto Reggiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Venturia Pyrina

Knowledge of the role of ants in many agroecosystems is relatively scarce, and in temperate regions the possibility to exploit ants as biocontrol agents for crop protection is still largely unexplored. Drawing inspiration from mutualistic ant–plant relationships mediated by extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), we tested the use of artificial nectaries (ANs) in order to increase ant activity on pear trees and to evaluate the effects on the arthropods, plant health and fruit production. While EFNs secrete a complex solution mainly composed of sugars and amino acids, ANs were filled with water and sucrose only. The results suggest that ANs can be used as manipulative instruments to increase ant activity over long periods of time. High ant activity was significantly linked to lower incidence of the pathogen fungus Venturia pyrina (pear scab) on pear leaves, and of the presence of Cydia pomonella (codling moth) caterpillars on pear fruit production. These results further encourage exploring underrated possibilities in the development of new tools for conservation biological control (CBC).

scholarly journals Improving the management of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) in apple orchards

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
P.L. Lo ◽  
J.T.S. Walker ◽  
T.M. Fraser ◽  
D.W. Manktelow
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production ◽  
Insecticide Sprays

Mealybug infestations in New Zealand apples declined when integrated fruit production was implemented in the late 1990s In Hawkes Bay however mealybugs have recently become an increasing problem The mean incidence of mealybugs at harvest increased from 17 in 2008 to 22 in 2010 In 2009 and 2010 almost 50 of blocks had a higher incidence than the previous year Analysis of spray diaries suggested that spray programmes up to 200910 were inadequate to maintain longterm suppression of mealybugs Key factors were the number of insecticide sprays their time of application and the choice of product but not spray coverage Consequently in spring 2010 orchard managers were encouraged to follow a best practice spray programme against mealybugs which led to markedly improved mealybug control At harvest in 2011 the mean incidence was 07 and just 14 of blocks had more mealybugs than the previous year while almost 60 had fewer

scholarly journals Parasitoids associated with codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apple-growing regions in New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Vicky A. Davis ◽  
W.R. Manoharie Sandanayaka ◽  
John G. Charles
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Light Brown Apple Moth ◽  
Corrugated Cardboard ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Control Light ◽  
Mastrus Ridens

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) (CM) is a major pest of apples in New Zealand. Several biocontrol agents introduced in the past to control CM have only been partially successful at reducing CM populations, so a parasitoid wasp, Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), was recently released into apple-growing regions. This study sought evidence of the establishment of CM parasitoids. Corrugated cardboard bands (2-cm wide bands with sentinel CM larvae and 10-cm wide empty bands to trap wild CM larvae) were used to assess the presence of M. ridens and other CM parasitoids in Hawke’s Bay, Nelson, Central Otago and Waikato regions. Five CM parasitoid species, including M. ridens, were recovered from sentinel and wide bands. Liotryphon caudatus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, released to control CM in 1906) was found in Hawke’s Bay and Waikato. Ascogaster quadridentata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, released to control CM in the 1930s), Glabridorsum stokesii (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, released in 1967 to control light brown apple moth), Dibrachys microgastri (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae, an accidental arrival) and M. ridens were found in all regions. The interspecific competition between M. ridens and other parasitoid species remains to be investigated.

scholarly journals Colony optimisation of Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae) a potential biological control agent of codling moth in New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R.M. Sandanayaka ◽  
A. Chhagan ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
J.G. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Mastrus Ridens

Mastrus ridens (Horstmann) (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae) was imported from Argentina into New Zealand as part of a classical biological control programme against codling moth (CM) Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) A laboratory colony was successfully established and maintained in quarantine and experiments were conducted to understand the biology and behaviour of the parasitoid to maximise its efficiency prior to release Nave females parasitised a maximum of four CM larvae/day laying a total of 12915 eggs However a single CM larva could support the development of a maximum of 10 parasitoids The body sizes of emerging M ridens females in the colony decreased with an increase in the number of pupae developing on a single CM larva because of competition Female M ridens preferred larger CM larvae to smaller larvae in cocoons for oviposition Superparasitism host feeding and the number of CM larvae hosting damaged parasitoid eggs increased with decreasing host/parasitoid ratios

scholarly journals A study of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) parasitism by Ascogaster quadridentata in a derelict apple orchard

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 325-325
Author(s):  
P.W. Shaw ◽  
D.R. Wallis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Ascogaster Quadridentata ◽  
Corrugated Cardboard ◽  
The Uk

Ascogaster quadridentata (Hymenoptera Braconidae) is a codling moth parasitoid native to Europe and established in New Zealand following introductions from the UK in the 1930s Ascogaster quadridentata parasitises the eggs of codling moth and develops and overwinters throughout the larval period of the host finally emerging from the host larval cocoon in spring As a result of its slow development the parasitoid does not protect the fruit from larval feeding damage Codling moth larvae in overwintering cocoons concealed under bark on apple trees were collected from a derelict orchard in Upper Moutere Nelson Larvae (n117) were carefully extracted from their cocoons and introduced into rolls of corrugated cardboard to complete their development Eightyeight larvae were successfully reared and 37 of these (42) were parasitized by A quadridentata This result is similar to a limited number of other records for this parasitoid in New Zealand and indicates that A quadridentata assists in reducing high populations of codling moth in derelict orchards or wild apple trees which are the main source for codling moth infestations in nearby commercial orchards

scholarly journals Detecting and controlling Serratia marcescens in a laboratory colony of Mastrus ridens

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 445-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R.M. Sandanayaka ◽  
V.A. Davis ◽  
S.D.G. Marshall ◽  
J.G. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Classical Biocontrol ◽  
Corrugated Cardboard ◽  
Mastrus Ridens ◽  
Selection Of

Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae) is an ectoparasitoid of cocooning Cydia pomonella (codling moth CM) larvae and has been introduced into New Zealand in a classical biocontrol programme Large numbers of M ridens are currently being reared in the laboratory on diapausing CM larvae for release into applegrowing regions Within the rearing colony a bacterial epizootic was discovered that killed both CM larvae and developing M ridens DNA from infected CM larvae was amplified using bacterial 16s rDNA primers with sequencing identifying the bacterium as Serratia marcescens a common species associated with insects The epizootic probably arose from CM larvae in oviposition cages The rearing method has been modified to minimise the presence of bacteria Mastrus ridens pupae are now removed from the corrugated cardboard rolls (in which they develop on CM larvae) and held in emergence containers that have been sterilised by washing with sodium hypochlorite Any diseased adult M ridens are detected by the red colour of their abdomen and only healthy adults are selected as parents for subsequent generations Improved hygiene and selection of healthy adult parasitoids successfully controlled the S marcescens epizootic

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