School Discipline and Racial Disparities in Early Adulthood

Despite interest in the contributions of school discipline to the creation of racial inequality, previous research has been unable to identify how students who receive suspensions in school differ from unsuspended classmates on key young adult outcomes. We utilize novel data to document the links between high school discipline and important young adult outcomes related to criminal justice contact, social safety net program participation, postsecondary education, and the labor market. We show that the link between school discipline and young adult outcomes tends to be stronger for Black students than for White students, and that approximately 30% of the Black–White disparities in young adult criminal justice outcomes, SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) receipt, and college completion can be traced back to inequalities in exposure to school discipline.

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The Young Adult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Antisocial Behaviour: An Australian Cohort Study

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e620632012-001 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

William Bor ◽

Tara Renae McGee ◽

Reza Hayatbakhsh ◽

Jake Najman

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Young Adult ◽

Antisocial Behaviour ◽

Adult Outcomes ◽

Young Adult Outcomes ◽

Australian Cohort

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Longitudinal Links between Income Dynamics and Young Adult Socioeconomic and Behavioral Health Outcomes

Youth & Society ◽

10.1177/0044118x21996382 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0044118X2199638

Author(s):

Kendra Whitfield ◽

Laura Betancur ◽

Portia Miller ◽

Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal

Keyword(s):

Young Adult ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Behavioral Health ◽

Low Income ◽

Family Income ◽

Adult Outcomes ◽

Income Volatility ◽

Income Loss ◽

Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽

Young Adult Outcomes

Longitudinal links between childhood family income and adult outcomes are well documented. However, research on childhood income volatility and young adult outcomes is limited. This study utilizes data from the NLSY ( N = 6,410) to examine how childhood family income and income volatility relate to socioeconomic outcomes and mental/behavioral health in emerging adulthood. Results show that lower childhood income was associated with young adult socioeconomic and behavioral health outcomes. Higher income volatility was associated with increased depression and teen parenthood during young adulthood. Additional analyses examining trajectories of income volatility illustrated that children in families with unstable income trajectories (i.e., frequent income losses and gains) showed higher depression scores than those with stable trajectories. These findings suggest that income volatility, not just income level or income loss, is important to consider when studying economic disparities in young adult outcomes. Implications for policies and programs for low-income, high-volatility households are discussed.

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Transitional Age Youth and Mental Illness – Influences on Young Adult Outcomes

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/j.chc.2017.01.001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. xiii-xvii ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Adele Martel ◽

D. Catherine Fuchs

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Young Adult ◽

Adult Outcomes ◽

Transitional Age Youth ◽

Young Adult Outcomes ◽

Transitional Age

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Means-Tested Safety Net Programs and Hispanic Families: Evidence from Medicaid, SNAP, and WIC

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ◽

10.1177/00027162211046591 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 696 (1) ◽

pp. 274-305

Author(s):

Marianne Bitler ◽

Lisa A. Gennetian ◽

Christina Gibson-Davis ◽

Marcos A. Rangel

Keyword(s):

Safety Net ◽

Program Participation ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Supplemental Nutrition ◽

Assistance Program ◽

Hispanic Families ◽

Hispanic Mothers ◽

Nutrition Assistance ◽

Antipoverty Programs ◽

Immigrant Politics

Hispanic families have historically used means-tested assistance less than high-poverty peers, and one explanation for this may be that anti-immigrant politics and policies are a barrier to program participation. We document the participation of Hispanic children in three antipoverty programs by age and parental citizenship and the correlation of participation with state immigrant-based restrictions. Hispanic citizen children with citizen parents participate in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Medicaid more than Hispanic citizen children with noncitizen parents. Foreign-born Hispanic mothers use Medicaid less than their socioeconomic status would suggest. However, little evidence exists that child participation in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) varies by mother’s nativity: foreign-born mothers of Hispanic infants participate in WIC at higher rates than U.S.-born Hispanic mothers. State policies that restrict immigrant program use correlate to lower SNAP and Medicaid uptake among citizen children of foreign-born Hispanic mothers. WIC participation may be greater because it is delivered through nonprofit clinics, and WIC eligibility for immigrants is largely unrestricted.

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Childhood Executive Functioning Predicts Young Adult Outcomes in22q11.2Deletion Syndrome

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617718000784 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (9) ◽

pp. 905-916 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Avery B. Albert ◽

Tamara Abu-Ramadan ◽

Wendy R. Kates ◽

Wanda Fremont ◽

Kevin M. Antshel

Keyword(s):

Young Adult ◽

Executive Functioning ◽

22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽

Parent Report ◽

Deletion Syndrome ◽

Functional Impairments ◽

Adult Outcomes ◽

Young Adult Outcomes ◽

Increased Risk ◽

And Performance

AbstractObjective:While individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) are at increased risk for a variety of functional impairments and psychiatric disorders, including psychosis, not all individuals with 22q11DS experience negative outcomes. Efforts to further understand which childhood variables best predict adult functional outcomes are needed, especially those that investigate childhood executive functioning abilities.Methods:This longitudinal study followed 63 individuals with 22q11DS and 43 control participants over 9 years. Childhood executive functioning ability was assessed using both rater-based and performance-based measures and tested as predictors of young adult outcomes.Results:Childhood global executive functioning abilities and parent report of child executive functioning abilities were the most consistent predictors of young adult outcomes. The study group moderated the relationship between child executive functioning and young adult outcomes for several outcomes such that the relationships were stronger in the 22q11DS sample.Conclusion:Rater-based and performance-based measures of childhood executive functioning abilities predicted young adult outcomes in individuals with and without 22q11DS. Executive functioning could be a valuable target for treatment in children with 22q11DS for improving not only childhood functioning but also adult outcomes.(JINS,2018,24, 905–916)

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