The Moderating Effect of Family Management on R&D Productivity in Privately Held Firms

The aim of this chapter is to analyze the moderating effect of family management on the relationship between R&D inputs and R&D outcomes, that is, R&D productivity. Using a longitudinal sample of 337 Spanish privately held manufacturing firms, the results show that in general terms, although family managed firms invest less in R&D than their non-family managed counterparts, they reinforce the conversion of R&D inputs into R&D outcomes. Moreover, the findings reveal that the strengthening effect of family management on R&D productivity is contingent upon the level of R&D expenditures. Thus, this chapter contributes to shedding some light into the debate regarding innovation management in privately held family firms.

Delinquency as a Response to Peer Victimization: The Implications of School and Cyberbullying Operationalizations

As criminologists explore the link between bullying victimization and delinquency, they must grapple with measurement issues related to the operationalization of in-school bullying and cyberbullying. Accurately identifying victims has implications for school safety and implementation of policies to reduce the consequences of bullying. Using a longitudinal sample of over 2,000 students, we find youth who do not self-identify as victims of bullying but report peer victimization are likely to experience a number of criminogenic risk factors, and these “mismatched” victims are more likely than non-victims to engage in delinquency. While the observed consequences of victimization are similar across bullied and mismatched youth, we find that certain criminogenic risk factors are associated with failure to self-identify one’s victimization as bullying.