Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases and mucosal immune homeostasis

Regulatory B cells (Breg) are in the spotlight for their role in immune homeostasis maintenance and tolerance achievement as in the last years the correlation with functional and increased Breg numbers in autoimmune diseases and transplantation has been extensively proven. Their study is, however, in its infancy with still little knowledge and consensus on their origin, phenotype, and mechanism of action. All this hampers the pursuit of an effective Breg induction method for therapeutic purposes. In this review we aim to summarize the studies on human Breg and their implication in kidney transplantation and to further discuss the issues surrounding therapeutic applications of this cell subset.

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Vasoactive intestinal peptide stabilizes intestinal immune homeostasis through maintaining interleukin-10 expression in regulatory B cells

Theranostics ◽

10.7150/thno.34414 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 2800-2811 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Xiong Sun ◽

Chuanyong Guo ◽

Fang Zhao ◽

Jianhuan Zhu ◽

Yilu Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Immune Homeostasis ◽

Regulatory B Cells

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Editorial: Regulatory B Cells: Are We Really Ready to Manipulate Them for the Benefit of Patients With Autoimmune Diseases?

Arthritis & Rheumatology ◽

10.1002/art.38667 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 66 (8) ◽

pp. 1982-1983 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Claudia Mauri ◽

Paul A. Blair

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Regulatory B Cells

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Regulatory B cells in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: from mouse models to clinical research

International Immunology ◽

10.1093/intimm/dxv026 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 495-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Tomomitsu Miyagaki ◽

Manabu Fujimoto ◽

Shinichi Sato

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Clinical Research ◽

Mouse Models ◽

Regulatory B Cells

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Regulatory B cells in human autoimmune diseases

Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology ◽

10.2177/jsci.38.390 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 390-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tomomitsu MIYAGAKI

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Regulatory B Cells

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Frontiers of Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Disorders: Crosstalk Between Tfh/Tfr and Regulatory B Cells

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.641013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Tingting Ding ◽

Rui Su ◽

Ruihe Wu ◽

Hongwei Xue ◽

Yanyan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Treg Cells ◽

Regulatory B Cells ◽

Cellular Mechanisms ◽

Autoantibody Production ◽

Cell Responses ◽

Tfh Cells ◽

Follicular Helper

Balance of Tfh/Tfr cell is critically important for the maintenance of immune tolerance, as evidenced by the fact that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are central to the autoantibodies generation through providing necessary help for germinal center (GC) B cells, whereas T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells significantly inhibit autoimmune inflammation process through restraining Tfh cell responses. However, signals underlying the regulation of Tfh and Tfr cells are largely undefined. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a heterogeneous subpopulation of B cells with immunosuppressive function. Considerable advances have been made in their functions to produce anti‐inflammatory cytokines and to regulate Th17, Th1, and Treg cells in autoimmune diseases. The recent identification of their correlations with dysregulated Tfr/Tfh cells and autoantibody production makes Bregs an important checkpoint in GC response. Bregs exert profound impacts on the differentiation, function, and distribution of Tfh and Tfr cells in the immune microenvironment. Thus, unraveling mechanistic information on Tfh-Breg and Tfr-Breg interactions will inspire novel implications for the establishment of homeostasis and prevention of autoantibodies in diverse diseases. This review summarizes the dysregulation of Tfh/Tfr cells in autoimmune diseases with a focus on the emerging role of Bregs in regulating the balance between Tfh and Tfr cells. The previously unsuspected crosstalk between Bregs and Tfh/Tfr cells will be beneficial to understand the cellular mechanisms of autoantibody production and evoke a revolution in immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.

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Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases

Cellular and Molecular Immunology ◽

10.1038/cmi.2012.60 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 122-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 110

Author(s):

Min Yang ◽

Ke Rui ◽

Shengjun Wang ◽

Liwei Lu

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Regulatory B Cells

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The Role of Regulatory B cells in Kidney Diseases

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.683926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Wang Long ◽

Hedong Zhang ◽

Wenjia Yuan ◽

Gongbin Lan ◽

Zhi Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Specific Marker ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Regulatory B Cells ◽

Multiple Phenotypes ◽

Therapeutic Value ◽

And Function

B cells, commonly regarded as proinflammatory antibody-producing cells, are detrimental to individuals with autoimmune diseases. However, in recent years, several studies have shown that regulatory B (Breg) cells, an immunosuppressive subset of B cells, may exert protective effects against autoimmune diseases by secretion of inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10. In practice, Breg cells are identified by their production of immune-regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35, however, no specific marker or Breg cell-specific transcription factor has been identified. Multiple phenotypes of Breg cells have been found, whose functions vary according to their phenotype. This review summarizes the discovery, phenotypes, development, and function of Breg cells and highlights their potential therapeutic value in kidney diseases.

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