Cognitive and linguistic errors in SLI children: A new perspective from language production models

AbstractThis article outlines a range of theoretical, empirical, and practical desiderata for the design of (preschool) language assessments that follow from recent insights into language development from a cognitive-linguistic and usage-based perspective. To assess children’s productive communicative abilities rather than their ability to judge the acceptability of complex sentences in isolation is a new perspective in language testing that requires theoretical motivation as well as operationalizable criteria for judging the appropriateness of children’s language productions, and for characterizing the properties of their language command. After a brief review of the basic rationale of current strands of preschool assessment in Germany (Section 2), the fundamental usage-based assumptions regarding children’s developing linguistic competence and their implications for the design of preschool language diagnostics are characterized (Section 3). In order to assess children’s language production, in particular its flexibility and productivity in context, a test environment needs to be created in which children are allowed to use a certain range of language in meaningful contexts. Section 4 thus zooms in on the central question of scaffolding. Section 5 presents corresponding corpus evidence for adult strategies of prompting children to elaborate their answers and for typical child responses. Sections 6 and 7 discuss the corpus-based findings with respect to their implications for the design of ( preschool) language assessment and point to further challenges.

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Conflict adaptation during multilingual language production as evidenced by the n-3 effect

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728920000292 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 211-214

Author(s):

Mathieu Declerck ◽

Stefanie Schuch ◽

Andrea M. Philipp

Keyword(s):

Language Production ◽

Control Process ◽

Conflict Adaptation ◽

Conflict Monitoring ◽

Production Models ◽

Language Control

AbstractSeveral multilingual language production models assume that language control is instigated by conflict monitoring. In turn, conflict adaptation, a control process which makes it easier to resolve interference if previously a high-interference context was detected, should also occur during multilingual production, as it is triggered by conflict monitoring. Because no evidence has been provided for conflict adaptation in the multilingual production literature, we set out to investigate this process using the n-3 effect. Our study showed that the n-3 effect can be observed during multilingual production, and thus provides evidence for conflict adaptation during multilingual production.

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Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728905002348 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

MIRJAM BROERSMA ◽

KEES DE BOT

Keyword(s):

Surface Structure ◽

Language Production ◽

Language Choice ◽

Statistical Test ◽

Production Data ◽

Original Form ◽

Data Support ◽

Moroccan Arabic ◽

Production Models

In this article the triggering hypothesis for codeswitching proposed by Michael Clyne is discussed and tested. According to this hypothesis, cognates can facilitate codeswitching of directly preceding or following words. It is argued that the triggering hypothesis in its original form is incompatible with language production models, as it assumes that language choice takes place at the surface structure of utterances, while in bilingual production models language choice takes place along with lemma selection. An adjusted version of the triggering hypothesis is proposed in which triggering takes place during lemma selection and the scope of triggering is extended to basic units in language production. Data from a Dutch–Moroccan Arabic corpus are used for a statistical test of the original and the adjusted triggering theory. The codeswitching patterns found in the data support part of the original triggering hypothesis, but they are best explained by the adjusted triggering theory.

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Excursions

Language in Our Brain ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262036924.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Angela D. Friederici ◽

Noam Chomsky

Keyword(s):

Language Production ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Brain Lesions ◽

Contextual Knowledge ◽

Language Deficits ◽

Production Models ◽

Core Language ◽

Communicative Gestures ◽

Magnet Resonance

Historically, first production models were built on the basis of language deficits in patients with brain lesions, and later on the basis of speech errors in healthy people. More recently, attempts have been made to apply neuroscientific methods such as functional magnet-resonance imaging and electrocorticography during brain surgery using pictures or perceived words at controlled input to the production system. The available data suggest that language production, apart from brain structures supporting the motor act of speaking, involves Broca’s area in addition to temporal regions. There are a number of important aspects to be considered for communication that are beyond the core language system. These are contextual knowledge, known as pragmatics, as well as communicative hand gestures, which may interact with language during communication. At the neuroscientific level a number of brain regions beyond those involved in language such as the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the temporo-parietal junction have been identified to support aspects of social communication. Concerning the interplay between meaningful gestures with language it is interesting to note that BA 44 as the main syntactic processing region remains unaffected by communicative gestures.

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Bimodal bilingualism

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728907003203 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 43-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

KAREN EMMOREY ◽

HELSA B. BORINSTEIN ◽

ROBIN THOMPSON ◽

TAMAR H. GOLLAN

Keyword(s):

American Sign Language ◽

Language Production ◽

Lexical Selection ◽

Single Word ◽

Linguistic Expression ◽

Semantic Equivalence ◽

Lexical Representations ◽

Production Models ◽

The Matrix ◽

Word Code

Speech–sign or “bimodal” bilingualism is exceptional because distinct modalities allow for simultaneous production of two languages. We investigated the ramifications of this phenomenon for models of language production by eliciting language mixing from eleven hearing native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and English. Instead of switching between languages, bilinguals frequently produced code-blends (simultaneously produced English words and ASL signs). Code-blends resembled co-speech gesture with respect to synchronous vocal–manual timing and semantic equivalence. When ASL was the Matrix Language, no single-word code-blends were observed, suggesting stronger inhibition of English than ASL for these proficient bilinguals. We propose a model that accounts for similarities between co-speech gesture and code-blending and assumes interactions between ASL and English Formulators. The findings constrain language production models by demonstrating the possibility of simultaneously selecting two lexical representations (but not two propositions) for linguistic expression and by suggesting that lexical suppression is computationally more costly than lexical selection.

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Word Blends as Sublexical Substitutions

The Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique ◽

10.1017/s0008413100022684 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 127-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ann Stuart Laubstein

Keyword(s):

Language Production ◽

Mental Lexicon ◽

Structural Approach ◽

Metrical Structure ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Complete Part ◽

Production Models

AbstractThe standard structural approach to word blends, such as noise1/sound2 → nound, has been to assume they involve a splicing together of the two words, where part of word2 is used to complete part of word1. The splice position has then been used as the source of mental lexicon generalizations. On the basis of 166 naturally occurring word blends, this article argues for a different approach—a “substitution” approach. The approach allows a comparison of the properties that word blends share with sublexical exchanges, anticipations, perseverations and substitutions; in addition, it accounts for the convergence of these properties. The substitution analysis allows a principled distinction between target and intruder; it predicts metrical structure output, and possible and impossible errors; moreover, the substitution analysis simplifies and constrains language production models.

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SREM observation of the interaction between the in-situ deposited Pd small particles and MgO cleavage surface

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100143523 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 382-383

Author(s):

H.-J. Ou

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Small Particle ◽

Small Particles ◽

Cleavage Surface ◽

Metallic Particles ◽

Microscopy Technique ◽

Ceramic Surfaces ◽

Reflection Electron Microscopy ◽

New Perspective

The understanding of the interactions between the small metallic particles and ceramic surfaces has been studied by many catalyst scientists. We had developed Scanning Reflection Electron Microscopy technique to study surface structure of MgO hulk cleaved surface and the interaction with the small particle of metals. Resolutions of 10Å has shown the periodic array of surface atomic steps on MgO. The SREM observation of the interaction between the metallic particles and the surface may provide a new perspective on such processes.

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Articulation Training: A New Perspective

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.1003.145 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 145-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sallie W. Hillard ◽

Laura P. Goepfert

Keyword(s):

Life Experience ◽

Remediation Measures ◽

New Perspective

This paper describes the concept of teaching articulation through words which have inherent meaning to a child’s life experience, such as a semantically potent word approach. The approach was used with six children. Comparison of pre/post remediation measures indicated that it has promise as a technique for facilitating increased correct phoneme production.

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