scholarly journals Theoretical Prediction of Thermophysical Properties of Waste Beef Tallow Biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan ◽  
Ranjitha Jambulingam
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Carbon Molecules ◽  
Thermo Physical Properties ◽  
Two Independent Variables

In this present study, simple linear equations were developed for predicting the thermo-physical properties of beef tallow biodiesel by considering their molecular weight and number of double bonds as two independent variables. Interestingly, molecular weight signifies as a function of carbon chain length and number of carbon molecules in it whereas numbers of double bond signifies the degree of unsaturation.

scholarly journals Theoretical Prediction of Thermophysical Properties of Waste Beef Tallow Biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan ◽  
Ranjitha Jambulingam
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Carbon Molecules ◽  
Thermo Physical Properties ◽  
Two Independent Variables

In this present study, simple linear equations were developed for predicting the thermo-physical properties of beef tallow biodiesel by considering their molecular weight and number of double bonds as two independent variables. Interestingly, molecular weight signifies as a function of carbon chain length and number of carbon molecules in it whereas numbers of double bond signifies the degree of unsaturation.

scholarly journals Theoretical Prediction of Thermophysical Properties of Waste Beef Tallow Biodiesel

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan ◽  
Ranjitha Jambulingam
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Carbon Molecules ◽  
Thermo Physical Properties ◽  
Two Independent Variables

In this present study, simple linear equations were developed for predicting the thermo-physical properties of beef tallow biodiesel by considering their molecular weight and number of double bonds as two independent variables. Interestingly, molecular weight signifies as a function of carbon chain length and number of carbon molecules in it whereas numbers of double bond signifies the degree of unsaturation.

scholarly journals On the differential equations of H. Lewy

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
W. B. Smith-White
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Special Form ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Systems Of Equations ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Two Independent Variables

It is known that the theory of Cauchy's problem for differential equations with two independent variables is réducible to the corresponding problem for systems of quasi-linear equations. The reduction is carried further, by means of the theory of characteristics, to the case of systems of equations of the special form first considered by H. Lewy [1]. The simplest case is that of the pair of equationswhere the aii depend on z1 and z2. The problem to be considered is that of finding functions z1(x, y), z2(x, y) which satisfy (1) and which take prescribed values on x + y = 0.

The Representation of Lower Molecular Weight Fatty Acids by the Bligh and Dyer Extraction Method

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1786-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Decanoic Acid ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

The Bligh and Dyer method of lipid extraction was investigated to determine the distribution of low molecular weight free fatty acids in the organic phase. Two solvent systems were studied: one using chloroform, methanol, and distilled water; the other using an aqueous fish extract containing natural buffer in place of distilled water. The low molecular weight fatty acids were not well represented in the chloroform layer and the presence of a buffer further depressed their distribution into the organic phase. Proportionately with increased molecular weight a greater percent of acid was recovered in the chloroform. Essentially total partitioning into the organic phase in both systems occurred at a carbon chain length of ten (decanoic acid).

scholarly journals Biodegradable Polyester Synthesis in Renewed Aqueous Polycondensation Media: The Core of the New Greener Polymer-5B Technology

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Ana C. D. Pfluck ◽  
Dragana P.C. de Barros ◽  
Luis P. Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Fed Batch ◽  
Batch Operation ◽  
The Core

An innovative enzymatic polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids and dialcohols in aqueous polymerization media using free and immobilized lipases was developed. Various parameters (type of lipases, temperature, pH, stirring type and rate, and monomer carbon chain length) of the polycondensation in an oil-in-water (o/w) miniemulsion (>80% in water) were evaluated. The best results for polycondensation were achieved with an equimolar monomer concentration (0.5 M) of octanedioic acid and 1,8-octanediol in the miniemulsion and water, both at initial pH 5.0 with immobilized Pseudozyma antarctica lipase B (PBLI). The synthesized poly(octamethylene suberate) (POS) in the miniemulsion is characterized by a molecular weight of 7800 g mol−1 and a conversion of 98% at 45 °C after 48 h of polycondensation in batch operation mode. A comparative study of polycondensation using different operation modes (batch and fed-batch), stirring type, and biocatalyst reutilization in the miniemulsion, water, and an organic solvent (cyclohexane:tetrahydrofuran 5:1 v/v) was performed. Regarding the polymer molecular weight and conversion (%), batch operation mode was more appropriate for the synthesis of POS in the miniemulsion and water, and fed-batch operation mode showed better results for polycondensation in the organic solvent. The miniemulsion and water used as polymerization media showed promising potential for enzymatic polycondensation since they presented no enzyme inhibition for high monomer concentrations and excellent POS synthesis reproducibility. The PBLI biocatalyst presented high reutilization capability over seven cycles (conversion > 90%) and high stability equivalent to 72 h at 60 °C on polycondensation in the miniemulsion and water. The benefits of polycondensation in aqueous media using an o/w miniemulsion or water are the origin of the new concept strategy of the green process with a green product that constitutes the core of the new greener polymer-5B technology.

Pengaruh Panjang Rantai Karbon dan Derajat Ketidakjenuhan terhadap Karakteristik Pembakaran Droplet Asam Lemak Tunggal

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-347
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Ahmad Ibadurrohman ◽  
◽  
Nurkholis Hamidi ◽  
Lilis Yuliati
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Burning Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Specific Power Output

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the different carbon chain lengths and the degree of unsaturation of six fatty acids as the constituent of vegetable oils. The droplet combustion was carried out at an ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. The variation in the carbon chain length and the degree of unsaturation resulted in different physical and chemical properties of the fuel, which affect the droplet combustion characteristics. The increase of the carbon chain length results in longer ignition delay times and shorter burning durations, as well as higher droplet temperatures, burning rate constant, and specific power output. Conversely, an increase in the degree of unsaturation with the presence of double bond results in shorter ignition delay and longer burning duration, as well as higher droplet temperatures, but lower burning rate constant and specific power output. The droplet diameter evolution divides the combustion period into unsteady burning zones and quasi-linear burning zones. The flame dimension of unsaturated fatty acid is higher due to the soot formation at the top of the flame. A bluish flame related to the higher oxygen content in the molecule can be observed in saturated fatty acids. The short-chain saturated fatty acid has a large non-luminous zone because they are rich in oxygen. In contrast, the long-chain saturated fatty acid has a narrow non-luminous zone with high flame radiation.

Effect of Degree of Unsaturation on NOx Formation in Partially Premixed Flames of Biofuels

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Love ◽  
R. N. Parthasarathy ◽  
S. R. Gollahalli
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Methyl Stearate ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Laminar Flames ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Partially Premixed Flames ◽  
Soy Methyl Ester

The effect of iodine number on NOx formation in laminar flames of three oxygenated biofuels was studied at an equivalence ratio of 2. Neat soy methyl ester, neat canola methyl ester, and methyl stearate, which had similar energy content and carbon chain length, were tested. The iodine numbers for these fuels varied from 0.5 to 142. Inflame NOx concentration and temperature were measured. The peak NOx concentration occurred in the near-burner region for all biofuels: 404 ppm for soy, 388 ppm for canola, and 123 ppm for the methyl stearate fuel, and did not correlate with the location of the peak temperature. Therefore, the peak concentration in this region was traced to the Fenimore mechanism. Also, the peak NOx concentration was significantly increased with iodine numbers (degree of unsaturation of the fuel molecule). Thus, a strong correlation exists between the chemical structure of the fuel and the NOx emission of the premixed flame.

New generalized 2D Ostrowski type inequalities on time scales with k2 points using a parameter

Filomat ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 3155-3169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Kermausuor ◽  
Eze Nwaeze
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Type Inequality ◽  
Dimensional Case ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Quantum Calculus ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Ostrowski Type Inequality ◽  
Two Independent Variables

Recently, a new Ostrowski type inequality on time scales for k points was proved in [G. Xu, Z. B. Fang: A Generalization of Ostrowski type inequality on time scales with k points. Journal of Mathematical Inequalities (2017), 11(1):41-48]. In this article, we extend this result to the 2-dimensional case. Besides extension, our results also generalize the three main results of Meng and Feng in the paper [Generalized Ostrowski type inequalities for multiple points on time scales involving functions of two independent variables. Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2012), 2012:74]. In addition, we apply some of our theorems to the continuous, discrete, and quantum calculus to obtain more interesting results in this direction. We hope that results obtained in this paper would find their place in approximation and numerical analysis.

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