scholarly journals Punitive operations and their victims: 1941—1944 (based on materials from Belarus and North West Russia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (03) ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Alesya Korsak ◽  
Elena Krasnozhenova

The article deals with the Nazi occupation policy on the border territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. The study of this problem is based on the materials of the Extraordinary State Commission and acts drawn up by the partisan command or underground authorities, as well as on the recollections of eyewitnesses of a later time. Mass graves of victims of Nazism found in Belarus and North-West Russia serve as reminders of the terrible days of the occupation.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11-1) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Elena Krasnozhenova

The article shows the content of the Nazi occupation policy in the North-West of Russia during the Great Patriotic war. Features of the German command’s agricultural and tax policy in the occupied territory of the region are presented. To supply Nazi Germany and its armies, the economic resources of the occupied territories were used by exporting raw materials, food, equipment, and other material values. The local population was involved in mandatory work at enterprises, or sent to Germany. The occupation policy led to a significant deterioration of living conditions in the North-West of the Russia. The removal of food and warm clothing from citizens, their eviction from their homes, and the lack of medical care contributed to an increase in morbidity and mortality. The article shows the content of Nazi propaganda in the occupied territory of the North-West of the Russia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (01) ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
Sergey Kulik ◽  
Alesya Korsak

The article presents the features of partisan justice in the North-West of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. The article considers the activities of partisans and members of the underground to identify collaborators of the Nazi regime. It is noted that the courts of partisan detachments were one of the most effective forms of restoring signs of statehood in the territory occupied by the enemy. Difficulties in organizing the fight against traitors are revealed. It is shown that even in the most partisan environment, it was necessary to carry out prosecution procedures. Precedents of violations of military order and even crimes in partisan formations are noted, and crime prevention measures are presented.


2021 ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Е.Х. АПАЖЕВА ◽  
А.А. ТАТАРОВ

В центре исследования лежит феномен бандитизма, под которым традиционно понимают как уголовные преступления, так и политически мотивированное антисоветское вооруженное подполье в контексте Великой Отечественной войны. Методы исследования базируются на анализе советской политико-юридической терминологии 1920–1940-х гг., оценочных позиций и количественных данных в документах и справках. Изучение кейса Кабардино-Балкарии, республики, претерпевшей прифронтовые боевые действия, нацистскую оккупацию и депортацию одного из титульных народов, открывает возможность проследить факторы влияния на динамику преступности и учет ее численности. Авторы демонстрируют противоречия в количественных данных по бандитизму в документах органов безопасности и армейских сводках. Показано, что до и в период Великой Отечественной войны не сложилась четкая грань между политическим бандитизмом и преступлениями против управленческого и хозяйственного порядка, а условия войны в значительной степени политизировали проявления локальной преступности. По мнению авторов, смешение уголовного и политического бандитизма повлияло на структуру и содержание справок о политическом состоянии в национальных автономиях. В случае с обвиненными в массовом предательстве и депортированными балкарцами оценка численности бандитизма сопряжена с рядом факторов – проживание балкарцев в горной части республики, которая традиционно привлекала правонарушителей разных национальностей; влияние планирования депортации на процесс составления документов по бандитизму. Обоснованно то, что в тыловой зоне Кабардино-Балкарии немецкие диверсии не смогли оказать существенного влияния на развитие вооруженного подполья в наиболее активной фазе его развития в 1942–1944 гг. The article investigates the phenomenon of banditry, which is traditionally understood as both criminal offenses and the politically motivated anti-Soviet armed underground in the context of the Great Patriotic War. The research methods are based on the analysis of the Soviet political and legal terminology of the 1920s – 1940s, as well as estimated positions and quantitative data in documents and references. The exploration of the case of Kabardino-Balkaria, a republic that suffered front-line hostilities, Nazi occupation, deportation of one of the titular ethnic groups, opens up the possibility of tracing the factors influencing both the dynamics of crime and accounting for its number. The authors demonstrate contradictions in quantitative data on banditry in the documents of the security agencies and army reports. In view of the fact there was no clear line between political banditry and crimes against the management and economic order before and during the Great Patriotic War, the conditions of the war largely politicized the manifestations of local crime. The authors point out that mixing of criminal and political banditry influenced the structure and content of information on the political situation in Soviet national autonomies. In the case of the deported Balkar people, the accusations of mass betrayal and the estimation of the banditry levels are associated with certain factors – the residence of Balkars in the mountainous part of the republic, which traditionally attracted offenders of different nationalities; the impact of deportation planning on the process of drafting documents on banditry. It is argued that in the rear front in Kabardino-Balkaria, Nazi German sabotage groups did not have a significant impact on the development of the armed underground in the most active phase of its development in 1942-1944.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (01) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Elena Krasnozhenova ◽  
Svyatoslav Kulinok

The article considers the role of the periodical press in organizing propaganda work in the North-West of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. The evaluation of Nazi and Soviet publications is given. The content of the occupation newspapers is presented, and the reasons for the success of Nazi propaganda in the first months of the occupation of the region are analyzed. The authors show the shortcomings of Soviet propaganda periodicals during this period, trace its transformation by the winter of 1941, and note its contribution to the liberation of the territory of the North-West of Russia from the invaders.


Author(s):  
Daryl A. Cornish ◽  
George L. Smit

Oreochromis mossambicus is currently receiving much attention as a candidater species for aquaculture programs within Southern Africa. This has stimulated interest in its breeding cycle as well as the morphological characteristics of the gonads. Limited information is available on SEM and TEM observations of the male gonads. It is known that the testis of O. mossambicus is a paired, intra-abdominal structure of the lobular type, although further details of its characteristics are not known. Current investigations have shown that spermatids reach full maturity some two months after the female becomes gravid. Throughout the year, the testes contain spermatids at various stages of development although spermiogenesis appears to be maximal during November when spawning occurs. This paper describes the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the testes and spermatids.Specimens of this fish were collected at Syferkuil Dam, 8 km north- west of the University of the North over a twelve month period, sacrificed and the testes excised.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Amundsen ◽  
Godfred Hansen
Keyword(s):  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document