Results of Russian Occupation and Economic Crisis in Georgia's Conflict Areas in the Case of Abkhazia

The present study analyzes the historical background of the formation of the Abkhazian economy and geographical-resource potential and the economic situation of Abkhazia before and after the Russian-Georgian war of 1991-1992. Special attention was paid to the recognition of the international status of the Republic of Abkhazia by the Russian Federation, in gross violation of international norms, the results of which did not have a significant positive impact on the economic or social well-being of the local population. However, it confirmed Russia's imperialist intentions concerning occupation of Georgian territory with the status of “peacemaker” in 1992-1993 and the fact of misleading the international community. In the chapter, the criminal nature of the economy of occupied Abkhazia is substantiated. Also, the chapter analyzes the mechanisms/levers of economic pressure management in the Russian-occupied territory and its negative consequences for the population living in the area.

Formation of a Social Picture of the World of Students in the Process of Educational and Research Activities on the Topic «Genocide of Civilians in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of the North-West of the RSFSR»

The article discusses the relevance and current problems of studying the topic of the «Genocide of civilians in the temporarily occupied territory of the North-West of the RSFSR», attention is drawn to the potential of its study for the formation of a social picture of the world of high school students. It is shown that social picture of the world the as a result of consistent development of scientific knowledge, a system of General methods of cognition of reality. Are given methodological recommendations on the organization of educational and research activities on the topic «Genocide of civilians in the temporarily occupied territory of the North-West of the RSFSR».

ZHYTOMYR NEWSPAPER “THE VOICE OF VOLYN” IN THE GERMAN INFORMATION SPACE (OCTOBER 1941-1943)

This paper aims to consider the newspaper “Voice of Volyn”, published in Zhytomyr in 1941-1943, as part of the German information space during the Second World War. The methodology of the study incorporates general scientific and special historical methods alongside with the fundamental principles of historical research: historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. The principles of historicism and scientificity have contributed to the complex representation of the history of the newspaper “Voice of Volyn” in interconnection and interrelation with the events of that period. The principle of objectivity has facilitated the analysis of the discussed issue considering the objective historical regularities based on a comprehensive analysis of the existing specialized literature and sources. The principle of systematicity has allowed to obtain a holistic picture of the Zhytomyr newspaper “Voice of Volyn" as a component of the German information space on the occupied territory of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the paper is conditioned by the fact that it is the first research discussing the history of the newspaper “Voice of Volyn” in the context of the German information space in 1941-1943 on the basis of a comprehensive range of historical sources. The author concludes that the activities of the newspaper “Voice of Volyn” can be divided into two periods: from October to the second half of November 1941, and from the second half of November 1941 until the end of the Nazi occupation. At the first stage, under the German military administration, the newspaper was controlled by the representatives of the independence movement, who exploited the newspaper to promote their own ideas. In the second stage, after the establishment of the German civil authorities, the newspaper “Voice of Volyn” was deprived of the independence movement’s influence and turned into an important information and propaganda press organ of the occupation authorities. The newspaper “Voice of Volyn” represented three directions of German propaganda: anti-Soviet propaganda; anti-Jewish propaganda; and propaganda aimed at supporting the occupation economic activities.

Badania nad totalitaryzmem — prawda historyczna i wolność indywidualna — prawo prywatne w służbie publicznej. Uwagi na tle „cywilnoprawnych” przepisów ustawy o IPN

The much-publicised and rather unfortunate amendment of 2018 to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance introduced not only the controversial and subsequently repealed penal provisions, but also the provisions on “Protection of the good name of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation”. According to these, protecting the good name of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation is subject to the provisions of the Civil Code. The intention of the lawmakers was to prevent the dissemination in public discourse of the false expression “Polish death camps” and similar expressions sometimes used to refer to Nazi German extermination camps located in the occupied territory of Poland. The provision mandating the application of the provisions of the Civil Code on personal rights to the protection of the state and nation’s good name may serve the intended purpose. However, its application may also be much broader, due to the vagueness of the wording used (“good name of the state and nation”) and the powerful protection afforded to personal rights in the Civil Code. The author discusses which provisions of the Civil Code can and which cannot be applied in this case. He also draws attention to the inadequacy of private law tools to protect public interests. He calls for a restrictive interpretation of the provision and recognizing a wide range of circumstances excluding the unlawfulness of an infringement in order to protect constitutional values such as freedom of expression, artistic creation, or scientific research.

Past da Present of village Jeglev

The article is about Past and present of village Jeglevi.The georgraphical environment of the village is reviewed:it is located in Ksani gorge, in the occupied territory, near Akhalgori, at a distance of 5 km, on the western slope of the Alevi ridge, at 1150m. above sea level. The etymology of the village is explained, which must be connected with the abundance of historical monuments. Therefore, we are talking about architectural monimebts, the ancient inscriptions there, which were studied and deciphered by the famous professor Giorgi Otkhmezuri.Particular attention is paid to such ancient demographic lists at the statistical descriptions of the 18th century Ksani Saeristavo, which Ekvtime Takaishvili saw during as archeological trip to the village of Ikoti in Akhalgori Municipality. The discriptions are published by both Ekvtime Takaishvili (2 descriptions) and Ivane Javakhishvili (3 descriptions). Based on their comparison, the historical reality of that tiome is explained, it is shown how severe the consequences of the Leks raid in Ksani gorge and including the village of Jeglev, where the so-called road to Akhalgori was passing “the way of the Leks”.The German traveler Johann Anton Guldenstedt mentions the monument among the villages looted and desolated by the Leks. “Bogano”, what was their condition and what was their obligation to the masters. In addition to the population descriptions, the paper reviews the documents of the late feudal period related to the village, which speaks about the social or economic situation of the village,relationship between the slaves and masters living here and Eristavi and Pitskhelauri. In indicates how the village passed from one lord to another, how the serfs opposed the Pitkhelauri and what position was held by the royal court of Kartli-Kakheti, and personally by Giorgi Batonishvili, a loyalist of the Mouravi of Akhalgori.At the end of the article shows the recent past of the village, from the 80-ies of the XXth century, paying special attention to the current demographic situation and the dire consequences of the August 2008 war and the occupation of the Akhalgori region. In a once crowded, 45 village today are only 6 families left, where often one or two people live.

Antigonus and the Greeks

Antigonus lacked any institutional means of controlling the Greeks, such as the League of Corinth, so he resorted to more repressive measures. Even under the kings, the Greek states had considerable local freedom, and the pace of local political life scarcely slackened in the third century. But many of the states were impoverished, so that they became dependent on handouts from the kings, and came also to rely on their wealthy citizens to supply money and hold political offices. Antigonus’s measures were focused largely on the Peloponnese, where he imposed or supported sole rulers (“tyrants”), and installed military garrisons as well. Much of the Peloponnese became effectively occupied territory. At the same time, he was attacking Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. But resentment built up in Greece, and an alliance between Ptolemy, Athens, and the Peloponnesians led to the Chremonidean War (268-262). I go into as much detail as can be recovered about this war, which Antigonus resoundingly won, and the naval battle of Cos against Ptolemy that followed and limited Egyptian encroachment on the Aegean. In celebration, Antigonus enhanced the sacred island of Delos with festivals and a magnificent stoa.

Central America under Spanish Colonial Rule

The Central American isthmus was under Spanish colonial rule for approximately three centuries (ca. 1502–1821). Known interchangeably as the kingdom, audiencia, or captaincy-general of Guatemala, the region occupied territory that would later become the republics of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, plus the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Unlike New Spain and Peru, Central America did not possess great mineral wealth, but its location between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans made it an important strategic asset. As did other parts of Spain’s overseas empire, Central America presented challenges of governance and defense. During the Habsburg era (to 1700), the colonial state took shape organically, drawing upon existing peninsular models within a framework of collaboration between the monarchy and local allies, including colonial and indigenous elites and the Roman Catholic Church. This system was not elegant, but it worked as long as authorities in Spain were willing to accept a degree of corruption and inefficiency in public administration. Under the Bourbons (1700–1821), Spain’s new rulers undertook an ambitious program of reforms meant to correct the weaknesses of the old system, while promoting economic growth, strengthening defenses, and enhancing revenues. Judged by their own standards, the Bourbon Reforms registered some successes, but they also bred disaffection. The eventual cost became apparent when the traditional allegiances forged in the Habsburg era dissolved under the pressure of constant warfare, and especially the 1808 Napoleonic invasion of Spain, which precipitated the empire-wide independence crisis.

The person of the criminal that committed a criminal offence in the field of inviolability of State Border of Ukraine

The purpose of our study is to form a typical criminological profile of a person who has committed a criminal offense in the field of protection of the State Border of Ukraine. Based on the detailed study of the sentences issued by the national courts of Ukraine during 2015-2020 concerning such persons, a typical criminological profile of the person was formulated. Thus, the typical criminological profile is a male (95.7%), a citizen of Ukraine (89%), Ukrainian by nationality (82.6%), married or living in common-law marriage (69.6%), with low income (67.4%). Not previously convicted (87%), committed the crime to obtain additional funds (86.9%), admits guilt in full, repents, contributes to the disclosure of the crime (84.8%). Specialized research methods are applied. The comparative method is used to compare the characteristics of the offender, who violated the order of entry into and exit from the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine and other crimes that encroached on border security. The logical-legal method is used to form logical, systematic, and consistent conclusions. The study is based on research of 38 sentences imposed on 46 people. The data obtained allowed us to interpret them as a characteristic of the offender.