scholarly journals dampak perokok pada kesehatan kardiorespi perokok pasif fk uns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
aulia rahman
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
National Commission ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Sidestream Smoke ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Respiratory Conditions ◽  
Smoke Tobacco

Passive smoking means breathing in other people’s tobacco smoke. Exhaled smoke is called exhaled mainstream smoke. The smoke drifting from a lit cigarette is called sidestream smoke. The combination of mainstream and sidestream smoke is called second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Second-hand smoke is a serious health risk for both those who smoke and those who do not. Children are particularly at risk of serious health effects from second-hand smoke. Tobacco smoke contains around 7,000 chemicals, made up of particles and gases, over 70 of which are known to cause cancer. Second-hand smoke has been confirmed as a cause of lung cancer in humans by several leading health authorities. Compounds such as ammonia, sulphur and formaldehyde irritate the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. These compounds are especially harmful to people with respiratory conditions such as bronchitis or asthma. Exposure to second-hand smoke can trigger or worsen symptoms. Citing data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in 2011, the National Commission of Indonesia said 67 percent of adult men in Indonesia are active smokers and more than 85 percent or 44 million adults are exposed to secondhand smoke in public places. Whereas according to the 2001 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), more than 97 million Indonesians became passive smokers. Even though passive smokers have to bear the costs that are not small just because of exposure to other people's smoke.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Hernâni Marques ◽  
Pedro Cruz-Vicente ◽  
Tiago Rosado ◽  
Mário Barroso ◽  
Luís A. Passarinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.

scholarly journals Second-hand tobacco smoke in public places in urban and rural China

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Stillman ◽  
A. Navas-Acien ◽  
J. Ma ◽  
S. Ma ◽  
E. Avila-Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Public Places

scholarly journals Preliminary evidence that high levels of nicotine on children’s hands may contribute to overall tobacco smoke exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens ◽  
Ashley L Merianos ◽  
Georg E Matt
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Salivary Cotinine

BackgroundDust and surfaces are important sources of lead and pesticide exposure in young children. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate if third-hand smoke (THS) pollutants accumulate on the hands of children who live in environments where tobacco is used and if hand nicotine levels are associated with second-hand smoke (SHS), as measured by salivary cotinine.MethodsParticipants were parents and children (n=25; age mean (SD)=5.4 (5.3) years) presenting to the emergency department with a potentially SHS-related illness. A convenience sample of participants were recruited at baseline from an ongoing two-group, randomised controlled trial of a SHS reduction and tobacco cessation intervention. Parents were current smokers; thus, all children were at risk of SHS and THS exposure to varying extents. Primary outcome measures, which were assessed in child participants only, were hand nicotine and salivary cotinine. Parents reported sociodemographics and smoking patterns; children’s medical records were abstracted for chief complaint, medical history and discharge diagnosis.ResultsAll children had detectable hand nicotine (range=18.3–690.9 ng/wipe). All but one had detectable cotinine (range=1.2–28.8 ng/mL). Multiple linear regression results showed a significant positive association between hand nicotine and cotinine (p=0.009; semipartial r2=0.24), independent of child age.DiscussionThe higher-than-expected nicotine levels and significant association with cotinine indicate that THS may play a role in the overall exposure of young children to tobacco smoke toxicants and that hand wipes could be a useful marker of overall tobacco smoke pollution and a proxy for exposure.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02531594

scholarly journals Impact of banning smoking in cars with children on exposure to second-hand smoke: a natural experiment in England and Scotland

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Philip E. Anyanwu ◽  
David Taylor Robinson ◽  
Frank de Vocht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Survey Weighting ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTA ban on smoking in cars with children was implemented in April 2015 in England and December 2016 in Scotland. With survey data from both countries (NEngland=3,483-6,920 and NScotland=232-319), we used this natural experiment to assess the impact of the ban using a difference-in-differences approach. We conducted logistic regression analyses within a Difference-in-Difference framework and adjusted for age, sex, a marker of deprivation and survey weighting for non-response. Among children aged 13-15 years, self-reported levels of regular exposure to smoke in cars were 3.4% in 2012, 2.2% in 2014 and 1.3% in 2016 for Scotland and 6.3%, 5.9% and 1.6% in England. The ban was associated with a 73% reduction (95%CI -59%, -81%) in self-reported exposure to tobacco smoke among children.

scholarly journals Secondhand tobacco smoke in bars and restaurants in Santiago, Chile: evaluation of partial smoking ban legislation in public places

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Erazo ◽  
V. Iglesias ◽  
A. Droppelmann ◽  
M. Acuna ◽  
A. Peruga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke

scholarly journals Particulate Matter Emissions of Four Different Cigarette Types of One Popular Brand: Influence of Tobacco Strength and Additives

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Braun ◽  
Friedemann Koger ◽  
Doris Klingelhöfer ◽  
Ruth Müller ◽  
David Groneberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Enclosed Space

The inhalation of particulate matter (PM) in second-hand smoke (SHS) is hazardous to health of smokers and non-smokers. Tobacco strength (amount of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide) and different additives might have an effect on the amount of PM. This study aimed to investigate the influence of tobacco strength or additives on PM. Four cigarette types of the brand Marlboro with different strengths and with or without additives were analyzed in comparison to the 3R4F reference cigarette. SHS was generated by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter (AETSE) in an enclosed space with a volume of 2.88 m³. PM concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) were measured with a laser aerosol spectrometer followed by statistical analysis. The two strongest Marlboro brands (Red and Red without additives) showed the highest PM concentrations of all tested cigarettes. The measured mean concentrations Cmean of PM10 increased up to 1458 µg/m³ for the Marlboro Red without additives (PM2.5: 1452 µg/m³, PM1: 1263 µg/m³). The similarly strong Marlboro Red showed very similar PM values. The second strongest type Marlboro Gold showed 36% (PM10, PM2.5) and 32% (PM1) lower values, respectively. The “lightest” type Marlboro Silver Blue showed 54% (PM10, PM2.5) or 50% (PM1) lower PM values. The results indicate that the lower the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide amounts, as well as the longer the cigarette filter, the lower are the PM levels. An influence of additives could not be determined.

scholarly journals Ethical and Legal Analyses of Policy Prohibiting Tobacco Smoking in Enclosed Public Spaces

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiwo A. Oriola
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
World Health ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Sidestream Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

It is axiomatic that tobacco smoking is hazardous to health. The statistics are well documented and often very grim. For example, the 2008 World Health Organization Report on the global tobacco epidemic presented the following statistics: a hundred million people died of tobacco-related diseases globally in the 20th century; there are approximately over five million tobacco-related deaths every year; and an estimated one billion could die of tobacco-related diseases in this 21st century.Significantly, no other risky, self-indulgent addictive behaviors such as cocaine abuse directly endanger bystanders as much as cigarette smoking or tobacco use endangers nonsmokers through secondhand tobacco smoke or inhaled environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Environmental tobacco smoke comprises sidestream smoke (smoke that emanates from the burning end of a tobacco product) and mainstream smoke (smoke exhaled by the smoker). About 85 percent of environmental tobacco smoke is sidestream smoke, while the remainder is mainstream smoke.

scholarly journals Meaning of Staring and the Starer–Staree Relationship Related to Men Living With Acquired Spinal Cord Injuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Renwick ◽  
Karen Yoshida ◽  
Elizabeth Eacrett ◽  
Natalie Rose
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Public Places ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Cord Injury

When in public places, many individuals with physical disabilities experience staring. Although staring is typically seen as uncomplicated and something to be “ignored,” it has consequences for the person being stared and the staree. Few studies have focused on staring experienced by men following spinal cord injury (SCI). Accordingly, this study explored how adult men with SCI give meaning to the staring from others, the consequences for them, and their responses to the staring and to the starer. Principles of modified grounded theory methods were used to conduct a secondary analysis of interview data for 30 male participants from a larger study of community-dwelling individuals with SCI. Themes revealed through analysis related to context-dependent meanings of staring, negative consequences of staring for some men, and positive opportunities for self-growth and interaction with the public. These findings contribute to a more complex understanding of staring and the relationship between the starer and staree in various social circumstances which can support people living with differences in their public interactions, and improve their quality of life.

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