scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Hernâni Marques ◽  
Pedro Cruz-Vicente ◽  
Tiago Rosado ◽  
Mário Barroso ◽  
Luís A. Passarinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.

scholarly journals European progress in working towards a tobacco-free generation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper V. Been ◽  
Anthony A. Laverty ◽  
Aikaterini Tsampi ◽  
Filippos T. Filippidis
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Free Generation

AbstractChildren have the right to grow up free from the hazards associated with tobacco smoking. Tobacco smoke exposure can have detrimental effects on children’s health and development, from before birth and beyond. As a result of effective tobacco control policies, European smoking rates are steadily decreasing among adults, as is the proportion of adolescents taking up smoking. Substantial variation however exists between countries, both in terms of smoking rates and regarding implementation, comprehensiveness and enforcement of policies to address smoking and second-hand smoke exposure. This is important because comprehensive tobacco control policies such as smoke-free legislation and tobacco taxation have extensively been shown to carry clear health benefits for both adults and children. Additional policies such as increasing the legal age to buy tobacco, reducing the number of outlets selling tobacco, banning tobacco display and advertising at the point-of-sale, and introducing plain packaging for tobacco products can help reduce smoking initiation by youth. At societal level, health professionals can play an important role in advocating for stronger policy measures, whereas they also clearly have a duty to address smoking and tobacco smoke exposure at the patient level. This includes providing cessation advise and referring to effective cessation services.Conclusion: Framing of tobacco exposure as a child right’s issue and of comprehensive tobacco control as a tool to work towards the ultimate goal of reaching a tobacco-free generation can help accelerate European progress to curb the tobacco epidemic. What is Known:• Tobacco exposure is associated with a range of adverse health effects among babies and children.• Comprehensive tobacco control policies helped bring down smoking rates in Europe and benefit child health. What is New:• Protecting the rights and health of children provides a strong starting point for tobacco control advocacy.• The tobacco-free generation concept helps policy-makers set clear goals for protecting future generations from tobacco-associated harms.

Clinical Practice Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Health Care Delivery Systems

Tobacco dependence starts in childhood. Tobacco exposure of children is common and causes illness and premature death in children and adults, with adverse effects starting in the womb. There is no safe level of tobacco smoke exposure. Pediatricians should screen for use of tobacco and other nicotine delivery devices and provide anticipatory guidance to prevent smoking initiation and reduce tobacco smoke exposure. Pediatricians need to be aware of the different nicotine delivery systems marketed and available. Parents and caregivers are important sources of children’s tobacco smoke exposure. Because tobacco dependence is a severe addiction, to protect children’s health, caregiver tobacco dependence treatment should be offered or referral for treatment should be provided (such as referral to the national smoker’s quitline at 1-800-QUIT-NOW). If the source of tobacco exposure cannot be eliminated, counseling about reducing exposure to children should be provided. Health care delivery systems should facilitate the effective prevention, identification, and treatment of tobacco dependence in children and adolescents, their parents, and other caregivers. Health care facilities should protect children from tobacco smoke exposure and tobacco promotion. Tobacco dependence prevention and treatment should be part of medical education, with knowledge assessed as part of board certification examinations.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Passive Smoking Based on Analysis of Hair Nicotine and Cotinine as Exposure Biomarkers by In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled On-Line to LC-MS/MS

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7356
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kataoka ◽  
Sanae Kaji ◽  
Maki Moai
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Passive Smoking ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Exposure Biomarkers ◽  
On Line

Passive smoking due to environmental tobacco smoke is a serious public health concern because it increases the risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, the current status and effect of passive smoking in various lifestyles are not fully understood. In this study, we measured hair nicotine and cotinine levels as exposure biomarkers in non-smokers and assessed the risk from the actual situation of passive smoking in different lifestyle environments. Nicotine and cotinine contents in hair samples of 110 non-smoker subjects were measured by in-tube solid-phase microextraction with on-line coupling to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and self-reported lifestyle questionnaires were completed by the subjects. Nicotine and cotinine were detected at concentrations of 1.38 ng mg−1 and 12.8 pg mg−1 respectively in the hair of non-smokers, with levels significantly higher in subjects who reported being sensitive to tobacco smoke exposure. These levels were also affected by type of food intake and cooking method. Nicotine and cotinine in hair are useful biomarkers for assessing the effects of passive smoking on long-term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and our analytical methods can measure these exposure levels in people who are unaware of passive smoking. The results of this study suggest that the environment and places of tobacco smoke exposure and the lifestyle behaviors therein are important for the health effects of passive smoking.

scholarly journals Association Between Self-Reported Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Serum Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Among Adults, Beijing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingqi Wei ◽  
Aijuan Ma ◽  
Fang Kai ◽  
Chen Xie ◽  
Jing Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
High Density ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Intensity

Abstract Background: Cigarette smoking, including secondhand exposure, is a leading cause of several atherosclerotic diseases (AS). Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) is considered as a valuable predictor for dyslipidemia and AS. There is a need to identify the association of tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and the marker of sub-clinical AS.Objective: To examine the association of TSE, including exposed status, cigarette smoking intensity and burden with serum non-HDL-C level.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 18-79 years old residents in 2017 in Beijing. All participants were interviewed on their tobacco exposed status (unexposed, passively exposed, actively exposed), smoking intensity (number of cigarettes smoked per week) and smoking burden (pack-years of smoking) among current smokers. Non-HDL-C was calculated by subtracting high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) from total cholesterol (TC). Covariates were age, education status, alcohol drinking status within 30 days, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, physical inactivity and BMI. We plot graphs to show the tendency between the number of cigarettes smoked per week, passively exposed days per week and non-HDL-C levels, respectively. Multiple regression models were used to assess the association between non-HDL-C level and TSE after the adjustment for covariates. Results: Of the 12,798 participants, mean age was 44.9±15.4 years, 46.8% were male. The prevalence of actively exposed, passively exposed and unexposed to tobacco smoke was 25.7%, 35.7% and 38.6%, respectively. Of the tobacco passively exposed subjects, 21.7% had to exposed to second-hand smoke every day. Among current smokers, 41.2% were smoking more than 120 cigarettes per week, and 56.6% were smoking more over 20 pack-years. With the increasing of the number of cigarettes smoked per week, the serum level of non-HDL-C in male increased gradually (Male: F=2.83, P=0.04; Female: F=1.23, P=0.32; Total: F=3.29, P=0.02). After multivariable adjustment, smokers had a higher non-HDL-C level (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.20,1.59, P=0.001) compared with tobacco unexposed subjects. However, passively smokers were not associated with non-HDL-C levels regardless of gender (OR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.78,1.23, P=0.87). Compared with lighter smokers, male smokers who smoked more than 140 cigarettes per week had significantly higher non-HDL-C levels (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 1.00,1.70, P=0.04). Male higher burden smokers (>20 pack-years) had more risk of having higher non-HDL-C level (OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.46,2.43, P<0.001) compared with other smokers. However, there were no significant differences between non-HDL-C and smoking intensity or burden among female smokers.Conclusions: This study showed that strong associations between TSE and non-HDL-C levels, especially in male smokers. Findings of this work emphasize the importance of encouragement to focus on blood lipid levels among smokers.

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