scholarly journals Ethical and Legal Analyses of Policy Prohibiting Tobacco Smoking in Enclosed Public Spaces

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiwo A. Oriola
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
World Health ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Sidestream Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

It is axiomatic that tobacco smoking is hazardous to health. The statistics are well documented and often very grim. For example, the 2008 World Health Organization Report on the global tobacco epidemic presented the following statistics: a hundred million people died of tobacco-related diseases globally in the 20th century; there are approximately over five million tobacco-related deaths every year; and an estimated one billion could die of tobacco-related diseases in this 21st century.Significantly, no other risky, self-indulgent addictive behaviors such as cocaine abuse directly endanger bystanders as much as cigarette smoking or tobacco use endangers nonsmokers through secondhand tobacco smoke or inhaled environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Environmental tobacco smoke comprises sidestream smoke (smoke that emanates from the burning end of a tobacco product) and mainstream smoke (smoke exhaled by the smoker). About 85 percent of environmental tobacco smoke is sidestream smoke, while the remainder is mainstream smoke.

scholarly journals Aldehyde and Volatile Organic Compound Yields in Commercial Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Are Mutually Related and Depend on the Sugar and Humectant Content in Tobacco

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1748-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen L A Pennings ◽  
Johannes W J M Cremers ◽  
Mark J A Becker ◽  
Walther N M Klerx ◽  
Reinskje Talhout
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Product Regulation ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
International Standards Organization

Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco control recognizes the need for tobacco product regulation. In line with that, the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) proposed to regulate nine toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke, including aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). We analyzed their relations in 50 commercially available cigarette brands, using two different smoking regimes, and their dependence on sugar and humectant concentrations in tobacco filler. Methods We measured sugar and humectant in tobacco filler and aldehydes, VOCs, and tar, nicotine, and CO (TNCO) in mainstream smoke. The general statistics, correlations between emission yields, and correlations between contents and emissions yields were determined for these data. Results For aldehydes, several significant correlations were found with precursor ingredients in unburnt tobacco when smoked with the Intense regime, most prominently for formaldehyde with sucrose, glucose, total sugars, and glycerol. For VOCs, 2,5-dimethylfuran significantly correlates with several sugars under both International Standards Organization (ISO) and Intense smoking conditions. A correlation network visualization shows connectivity between a sugar cluster, an ISO cluster, and an Intense cluster, with Intense formaldehyde as a central highest connected hub. Conclusions Our multivariate analysis showed several strong connections between the compounds determined. The toxicants proposed by WHO, in particular, formaldehyde, can be used to monitor yields of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and 2,5-dimethylfuran may decrease when sugar and humectants contents are lowered in tobacco filler. Implications Our findings suggest that the aldehydes and VOCs proposed by TobReg are a representative selection for smoke component market monitoring purposes. In particular, formaldehyde yields may be useful to monitor emissions of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Since the most and strongest correlations were observed with the Intense regime, policymakers are advised to prescribe this regime for regulatory purposes. Policymakers should also consider sugars and humectants contents as targets for future tobacco product regulations, with the additional advantage that consumer acceptance of cigarette smoke is proportional to their concentrations in the tobacco blend.

scholarly journals Magnitude of exposure and perception of second hand smoking among rural population in Trichy, Tamil Nadu

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2946
Author(s):  
Hemalatha K. ◽  
Varunkumar R. ◽  
Vandana S. J.
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protection Measures

Background: India is one of the countries where tobacco use is highly prevalent. Tobacco use in the form of smoking is related to occurrence of multiple health related problems in smokers and also general population.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 360 adults residing in a rural area of Tiruchirappalli. Cluster sampling was used to select the study participants. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on tobacco use, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), knowledge on its health effects and protection measures. Data was entered and analyzed using Epi info 7.2. The results were presented in the form of mean and percentage. Chi-square was used to find the association between the parameters and ETS. A p value of less than 0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Mean age of the study group was 38.5±10.8 years. Proportion of males and females was 53.9% and 46.1% respectively. Two hundred and fifty five (70.8%) were non-smokers and 29.2% have ever smoked some form of tobacco product. Thirty seven percent of the non-smokers were exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the past 15 days and exposure was higher among males (46.7%) than females (31.3%) (χ2 value=6.3; p=0.014). Public place was the most common place of exposure (25.5%) to ETS. Significantly higher proportion of smokers had correct knowledge on ill effects of ETS than smokers (χ2 value=12.3; p= 0.0004).Conclusions: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was significantly high in the study population. Either strict enforcement of laws or banning cigarette sale completely would help reducing the exposure to cigarette smoke which is an important risk factor for multiple non communicable diseases.

scholarly journals Quality of life in patients treated with methadone: The WHOQOL-BREF, psychometric study and application results

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Eduardo J. Pedrero-Pérez ◽  
MethaQoL Group
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Perceived Quality Of Life ◽  
Valid Test ◽  
Health Organization

<p><span style="font-family: 'Garamond',serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The most commonly instrument used to measure quality of life in patients with addictive behaviors is the WHOQOL-BREF, developed by the World Health Organization. No studies have been found to explore the psychometric properties in Spanish clinical samples. This paper aims to study their reliability as well as the construct validity in a representative sample of patients and comparing the results to the data available for the general population in Spain. A sample was recruited comprised of 523 subjects who were undergoing treatment with methadone in Madrid and Extremadura. A confirmatory factor analysis was completed to test the theoretically proposed structure and then an optimized-parallel analysis was done to establish the most adequate number of components. The result offers solid values for internal consistency both as concerns the items and the scales. The theoretical tetra-dimensional structure is confirmed in the sample although serious arguments are also found for considering its one-dimensionality. The structural relationship between the four domains was studied. The WHOQOL-BREF proves to be a reliable and valid test for use on patients treated with methadone, providing a multi-dimensional measure of perceived quality of life that includes social and environmental factors of great importance in treating addiction problems. </span></p>

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Nicotine in Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Collaborative Study

1989 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1002-1006
Author(s):  
Michael W Ogden
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Selective Detection ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

Abstract A gas chromatographic method for determination of vapor phase nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was collaboratively studied by 6 laboratories. Nicotine is desorbed from XAD-4 sample tubes with ethyl acetate containing triethylamine and determined by gas chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection. Each collaborator received blind duplicate samples at each of 6 nicotine concentrations. Three concentrations were generated by spiking XAD-4 tubes with known amounts of nicotine; the remaining 3 concentrations were ETS samples obtained in a carefully controlled environmental chamber containing sidestream and exhaled mainstream smoke from 1R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes. Repeatability and reproducibility relative standard deviations ranged from 4.4 to 11.1% and from 7.0 to 11.1%, respectively, for nicotine concentrations evaluated (up to 6 ng/cu m). The method has been adopted official first action.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes: the solution or yet another phase of the tobacco epidemic?

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Catherine O Egbe ◽  
Charles DH Parry ◽  
Bronwyn Myers
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
The Individual

Tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of death globally. For years, the tobacco industry sought to create a tobacco product that is less controversial than conventional cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes were created out of the supposed need to supply consumers of tobacco products with a less harmful tobacco product. The question remains, is it really less harmful for consumers of traditional cigarettes and other tobacco products to switch to electronic cigarettes? This article takes a closer look at the overall harm in relation to benefits of using electronic cigarettes for the individual and public health and the unintended negative consequences the introduction of electronic cigarette has had on overall public health. Given the evidence that the use of electronic cigarettes is a gateway to the use of other tobacco products especially among adolescents, we view electronic cigarettes as having the potential to cause a rebound of the tobacco use glut which the global public health community has been succeeding in reversing. We therefore support the World Health Organization’s suggestion that electronic cigarettes should be regulated as other tobacco products since there is, as yet, no harmless tobacco product. In the same vein, we view the new Tobacco Products and Electronic Delivery Systems Bill seeking to regulate electronic cigarettes in South Africa as other tobacco products as a step in the right direction.

Change in tobacco use among 13-15 year olds between 1999 and 2008: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 38-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Warren ◽  
Veronica Lea ◽  
Juliette Lee ◽  
Nathan R. Jones ◽  
Samira Asma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death and disease in the world; yet little is known about the levels or patterns of youth tobacco use on a global basis. The purpose of this paper is to focus on change in youth tobacco use using data from 100 sites that have conducted repeat Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS). The GYTS is a school-based survey that collects data from students aged 13–15 years using a standardized methodology for constructing the sample frame, selecting schools and classes, and processing data. GYTS is conducted in school classes using self-administered anonymous data collection. The GYTS sample produces representative, independent, cross-sectional estimates for each sampling frame. Of the 100 sites surveyed, 61 reported no change over time in prevalence of cigarette smoking, likewise in 50 of the 97 sites with data on use of other tobacco products there was no change. However, 34 sites reported an increase in other tobacco use. This appears to be attributed to waterpipe, an emerging trend in tobacco use. Evidence was found supporting the idea that tobacco use among adolescent girls is likely increasing. The global tobacco control effort continues to face many challenges in reversing the tobacco epidemic. Few countries have implemented comprehensive tobacco control legislation laid out by the World Health Organization. The few countries that have adopted some of these proven policies can serve as examples in achieving positive results in curbing the tobacco epidemic. (Global Health Promotion, 2009; Supp (2): pp. 38–90)

Comparison of environmental tobacco smoke to aged and diluted sidestream smoke

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. S281-S282 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R. Nelson ◽  
F.W. Conrad ◽  
S.P. Kelly ◽  
R.J. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Sidestream Smoke

scholarly journals Role of Pictorial Warning on Cigarette Packets in Tobacco Cessation: A Questionnaire Survey Among Cigarette Smokers in Chennai, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 28s-28s ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Quit Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Tobacco is used in various forms (smoking/smokeless forms) all over the world today. The World Health Organization reports it to be the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, and estimates that it currently causes 5.4 million deaths per year. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in developed countries. However, they continue to rise in the developing countries. As in other developing countries, India too suffers a stage of the tobacco epidemic, hosting nearly 17% of the world´s smokers, with the number constantly on the rise. According to the report of the Tobacco Control in India, 800,000-900,000 Indians die annually due to diseases attributable to tobacco. Among these deaths, 50% are due to cancer and 40% are other reported health-related problems such as cardiovascular and lung disorders. Tobacco is used by various groups of people irrespective of their social, economic or educational background, and majority of them use it despite knowing the hazards to their health. Warning labels on cigarette packages are meant to communicate such smoking-associated risks. The study is designed to find out the effectiveness of pictorial warnings present on cigarette packets in India for tobacco cessation among cigarette smokers. Methodology: A questionnaire was distributed to 800 current smokers attending an outpatient department of a college. Statistical analysis was done to find association between socioeconomic status and effectiveness of pictures to quit cigarette smoking. Results: 48% smokers perceive text warning is an efficient method to create awareness. 56% emphasized the importance of pictorial warning and greater area to be covered. 43% felt that warning on cigarette packets helped them to quit smoking. Conclusions: Though pictorial warning is an effective method to improve the awareness among smokers on the ill effects of smoking, the size, area covered and the position of the picture on cigarette packets needs to be reviewed to improve the quit rate.

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