scholarly journals Building eco-surplus culture among urban inhabitants as a novel strategy to improve finance for conservation in protected areas

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh-Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Thomas E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Knowledge Loss ◽  
Growth Loss ◽  
Novel Strategy

The rapidly declining biosphere integrity, representing one of the core planetary boundaries, is alarming. One of the most widely accepted measures to halt the rate of biodiversity loss is to maintain and expand protected areas that are effectively managed. However, it requires substantial finance derived from nature-based tourism, specifically visitors from urban areas. Using the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) on 535 Vietnamese urban residents, the current study examined how their biodiversity loss perceptions can affect their willingness to pay for the entrance fee and conservation in protected areas. We found that perceived environmental degradation, loss of economic growth, loss of nature-based recreation opportunity, and loss of knowledge as consequences of biodiversity loss has indirect effects on paying willingness through the mediation of the attitude towards conservation. Especially, the perceived knowledge loss also has a direct positive influence on the willingness to pay for the entrance fee and conservation. In contrast, perceived loss of health is negatively associated with the attitude towards conservation. Based on these findings, we suggest that building an eco-surplus culture among urban residents can be a promising way to generate more finance from nature-based tourism for conservation in protected areas and ease the domestic government’s and international organizations’ funding allocations problems.

scholarly journals Management Strategies for Sustainable Forest Biodiversity Conservation in Protected Areas of Bangladesh: A Study of Bhawal National Park, Gazipur

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Md. Alauddin ◽  
Md. Nuralam Hossain ◽  
Md. Babul Islam ◽  
Shahidul Islam ◽  
Md. Kamrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Forest Biodiversity ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Underlying Causes

Bhawal National Park (BNP) is one of the biologically historic and rich habitats in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the current management strategies of BNP for sustainable biodiversity conservation along with investigations focusing underlying causes of deforestation and biodiversity losses. A structured questionnaire survey, interview, focused group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews (KII), and literature survey were used as research tools. The results reveal some threats to the sustainable park management, such as its proximity to urban areas, encroachment, abundance of private land within its boundaries, and the pressure of rapid industrialization. It is found that extensive fuelwood collection, industrial setup, agricultural activities, forest fire, forest land encroachment, wood collection are significant causes for deforestation and biodiversity loss. Moreover, number of species of plants and wildlife has decreased roughly by one-third and one-half, respectively. The findings of this study are valuable for sustainable forest biodiversity conservation and management apart from formulating relevant strategies, planning, and policies for the protected areas of Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Predictors of support for biodiversity loss countermeasures and bushmeat consumption among Vietnamese urban residents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh-Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Thomas E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
High Population Growth ◽  
Educational Campaigns ◽  
Urban People

Biodiversity loss is happening at an unprecedented rate, especially in countries like Vietnam with rich biodiversity and high population growth rate. One of the main causes of biodiversity loss in Vietnam is increasing bushmeat consumption in urban areas. To help mitigate the demand for bushmeat, this study aims to examine the associations between biodiversity loss perceptions, attitude towards the prohibition of illegal wildlife consumption, and bushmeat consumption behaviors among urban residents in Vietnam. The investigation employed the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) on 535 respondents from multiple urban areas across Vietnam. We found that people perceiving environmental degradation, losses of economic growth, nature-based recreation opportunities, health, and knowledge as consequences of biodiversity loss were more likely to support the prohibition of illegal wildlife consumption. Although urban residents tended to consume bushmeat less frequently if they perceived losses of economic growth and knowledge as consequences of biodiversity loss, the perception of environmental degradation had an opposite effect on the behavior. Additionally, people consuming bushmeat frequently and supporting the biodiversity loss preventive measure seemed to share similar features: high income and educational levels. These paradoxical results hint at the existence of cultural additivity effects on psychology and behavior among Vietnamese urban residents. Given the influence of cultural additivity, It is recommended to put tougher measures (e.g. financial punishment) into perspective so that urban people can recognize the high “cost” of bushmeat consumption and change their attitude and behaviors accordingly. Apart from that, social marketing, demarketing, or educational campaigns should convey knowledge and information that can help receivers relate to their subjective cost-benefit judgements.

scholarly journals Multifaceted interactions between urban humans and biodiversity-related concepts: A developing-country dataset

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Minh-Hoang Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Recreation Demand ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Public Park ◽  
Park Visitation

Abstract Urban humans and biodiversity-related concepts are interacting with each other in many negative and positive ways. The biodiversity provides a wide array of provision and cultural-ecological services to urban residents, but it is being overexploited to the point of crisis. The crisis is largely driven by the expanding illegal wildlife trade in developing countries with a high urbanization rate and biodiversity level like Vietnam. While supply-side measures are ineffective in reducing biodiversity loss, researchers have suggested demand-side measures as supplements, such as social marketing campaigns and law enforcement in urban areas. Moreover, urban residents are also potential visitors to urban public parks and national parks, which helps generate finance for biodiversity preservation and conservation in those places. Understanding how urban residents' perceptions towards biodiversity and biodiversity-related behaviors can help improve the effectiveness of conservation efforts and sustainable urban development. Thus, this article presents a dataset of 535 urban residents' wildlife consumption behaviors, multifaceted perceptions and interactions with biodiversity-related concepts, and nature-based recreation demand. The dataset is constructed with six major categories: 1) wildlife product consumption, 2) general biodiversity perceptions, 3) biodiversity at home and neighborhood, 4) public park visitation and motivations, 5) national park visitation and motivations, and 6) socio-demographic profiles. These resources are expected to support researchers in enriching the lax literature regarding the role of urban residents in biodiversity conservation and preservation, and help policymakers to find insights for building up an “eco-surplus culture” among urban residents through effective public communication and policymaking.

scholarly journals Presentation, Management, and Outcomes across the Rural-Urban Continuum for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kali Zhou ◽  
Trevor A Pickering ◽  
Christina S Gainey ◽  
Myles Cockburn ◽  
Mariana C Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Receive Treatment

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of few cancers with rising incidence and mortality in the United States. Little is known about disease presentation and outcomes across the rural-urban continuum. Methods Using the population-based SEER registry, we identified adults with incident hepatocellular carcinoma between 2000–2016. Urban, suburban and rural residence at time of cancer diagnosis were categorized by the Census Bureau’s percent of the population living in non-urban areas. We examined association between place of residence and overall survival. Secondary outcomes were late tumor stage and receipt of therapy. Results Of 83,368 cases, 75.8%, 20.4%, and 3.8% lived in urban, suburban, and rural communities, respectively. Median survival was 7 months (IQR 2–24). All stage and stage-specific survival differed by place of residence, except for distant stage. In adjusted models, rural and suburban residents had a respective 1.09-fold (95% CI = 1.04–1.14, p < .001) and 1.08-fold (95% CI = 1.05–1.10, p < .001) increased hazard of overall mortality as compared to urban residents. Furthermore, rural and suburban residents had 18% (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.10–1.27, p < .001) and 5% (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.09, p = .003) higher odds of diagnosis at late stage and were 12% (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80–0.94, p < .001) and 8% (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88–0.95, p < .001) less likely to receive treatment, respectively, compared to urban residents. Conclusions Residence in a suburban and rural community at time of diagnosis was independently associated with worse indicators across the cancer continuum for liver cancer. Further research is needed to elucidate the primary drivers of these rural-urban disparities.

scholarly journals Water Woes in Zimbabwe’s Urban Areas in the Middist Of Plenty: 2000 -Present

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enock C. Makwara
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Recent Outbreak

Zimbabwe’s urban areas are choking under the weight of over-crowdedness amidstdilapidated infrastructure that is characterised by constant service failure. The water andsewer systems of the country’s major urban centres are on the verge of collapse, thusputting millions of people in danger of consuming contaminated water, including thatfrom underground sources. Waste management and water supply problems manifestthemselves as challenges bedevilling many an urban area in the country. The quality andquantity of water supplied in Zimbabwe’s urban centres has plummeted in recent yearsand has assumed crisis proportions owing to the difficult economic situation and otherchallenges faced by the country. The situation is desperate and dire, as is evidenced by thepoor quality of delivered water, severe water rationing and the outbreak of water-bornediseases in the urban areas dotted across the country. The situation demands and dictatesthat solutions be proffered as a matter of urgency.The recent outbreak of epidemics hasbeen blamed on lack of access to safe water and poor sanitation, two crucial factors incontrolling the spread of diseases. An overly bureaucratic environment, where decisionsand processes take longer, makes life complicated for poor urban residents. Such ascenario motivated the researchers to examine the problem with a view to suggest waysand means of intervening to mitigate and resolve the problem. It emerged from thefindings that the problem is multifaceted in nature, hence a whole range of measures needto be adopted if a long-term solution is to be provided.

scholarly journals Paying the price to solve fisheries conflicts in Brazil’s Marine Protected Areas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Lopes ◽  
Sebastian Villasante
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Slight Tendency ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Fernando De Noronha

Ecosystems services (ES) provide food and recreation to humans, but are fast being degraded. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been proposed as a way to protect some of these ES, but decisions regarding what gets protection and what gets consumed can be a source of conflicts. One such example is the Fernando de Noronha MPA (Brazil), where there is a conflict between shark-directed tourism and fishers who would like to access the no-take part of the MPA during part of the year. A contingent valuation method (Willingness to Pay) was used to ascertain if tourists would accept compensating fishers for not disturbing the sharks during a specific period of the year, by adding a symbolic increase in the taxes they already pay to either visit the island or to visit the no-take part of the MPA. Tourists were open to this alternative (67-71%), regardless of the fee being paid. However, there was a slight tendency to reject the fee when the tourists saw sharks during their stay, suggesting that a closer contact with these animals triggered a less sympathetic attitude towards fishers, probably because they start seeing fishers as wrongdoers, even if this is the worst choice for conservation. Although such a hypothetical payment was easily accepted by the majority of the tourists and could represent an affordable solution to conflicts, convincing those who reject such social compensation, especially if based on an irrational choice, would be an important step for sharks and for the MPA as a whole.

Willingness to pay for protected areas: A case of Etna Park

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Platania ◽  
Marcella Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Protected Areas

The valuation of elephant sightings in protected areas.

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
Andrea Saayman ◽  
Melville Saayman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Big Five ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract The research presented in this chapter determines the value that tourists on safari in protected areas in South Africa attach to elephant sightings and the relative importance of the elephant sighting compared with the other species in the Big Five. The study also determines whether tourists take the increased poaching of elephants - also in South Africa - into account when revealing their choice. Using information from five surveys conducted at different parks in South Africa from 2011 to 2013 and again in 2019, the elephant was found to be the fourth preferred species in the Big Five. The exception is Addo Elephant National Park, where the elephants are the second most preferred species. To determine the value that tourists attached to a sighting, contingent valuation was used. Although approximately a quarter to a third of respondents indicated positive amounts for a sighting across the years, the mean willingness to pay (WTP) reflects the scarcity of the species. The elephant is relatively abundant in all the parks and, in many instances, much easier to spot than the leopard or lion. It is therefore not surprising that the mean valuation of a sighting is much lower than that of the leopard and lion throughout all the years. Although tougher economic conditions in the country also influence WTP, it was found that tourists to South Africa's National Parks do not yet take the increased poaching of elephants into account when revealing their choice, nor in their valuation.

Assessing Urban Residents' Willingness to Pay for Preserving the Biodiversity of Swamp Forest

2017 ◽  
pp. 946-970
Author(s):  
Huynh Viet Khai
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Conservation Projects

Measuring the biodiversity value in monetary could be useful information for policy-makers to estimate welfare losses caused by biodiversity reductions and perform cost-benefit analysis of biodiversity conservation projects. This study applied the approach of contingent valuation to analyze the Mekong Delta urban households' preferences and their willingness to pay for the program of biodiversity conservation in U Minh Thuong National Park, one of the largest peat swamp forests in Vietnam. The study estimated that the mean WTP of urban residents in the Mekong Delta was about VND16,510 ($0.78) per household per month for all respondents and around VND31,520 ($1.49) after excluding the protest zero and scenario rejecting respondents. Aggregately, they agreed to contribute about $10.97 million annually for the project of biodiversity conservation.

scholarly journals Making Way for Trees? Changes in Land-Use, Habitats and Protected Areas in Great Britain under “Global Tree Restoration Potential”

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5845
Author(s):  
Martin A. Wilkes ◽  
James Bennett ◽  
Sara Burbi ◽  
Sue Charlesworth ◽  
Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Restoration Potential

Numerous tree planting initiatives have been launched worldwide, based on the idea that carbon capture by trees can help to limit global warming. A recent study estimated the additional tree canopy cover that could be established given the growing conditions in every square kilometre of land on earth that is not already forested, urbanised, or used for crop production. It reported a total “tree restoration potential” of >900 million ha worldwide and identified hotspots where opportunities for tree planting initiatives may be the greatest. With the potential for an estimated 4.2 million ha of additional canopy cover, one such hotspot is Great Britain. We quantify the extent of habitats, land uses, and protected areas that would be impacted by tree planting on this scale in Great Britain and discuss the potential social–ecological trade-offs involved. Our findings show that realising the “tree restoration potential” would mean a considerable upheaval for the British landscape with 30–50% of ecologically valuable habitats lost and a reduction of 44% in the area of improved grassland. Up to 21% of land protected by law for its ecological, scientific, scenic, or cultural value would be impacted. Importantly, we demonstrate that an alternative approach based on increasing tree canopy cover by up to 20% in urban areas and on cropland could make a substantial contribution to tree planting targets, potentially offsetting losses elsewhere. Such shifts in the structure and function of the British landscape will depend on deep changes in the food system, evidence-based decisions about which existing habitats to protect, and a long-term commitment to tree planting and maintenance.

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