Montefinese M, Vinson D, Ambrosini E. Pupil response to false memory modulated by feature similarity (PrePrint)

Differences in pupil dilation are observed for studied compared to new items in recognition memory. According to cognitive load theory, this effect reflects the greater cognitive demands of retrieving contextual information from study phase. Pupil dilation can also occur when new items conceptually related to old ones are erroneously recognized as old, but the aspects of similarity that modulate false memory and related pupil responses remain unclear. We investigated this issue by manipulating the degree of featural similarity between new (unstudied) and old (studied) concepts in an old/new recognition task. We found that new concepts with high similarity were mistakenly identified as old and had greater pupil dilation than those with low similarity, suggesting that pupil dilation reflects the strength of evidence on which recognition judgments are based and, importantly, greater locus coeruleus and prefrontal activity determined by the higher degree of retrieval monitoring involved in recognizing these items.

Download Full-text

Identifying Emotional Expressions: Children’s Reasoning About Pretend Emotions of Sadness and Anger

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2020.602385 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Elisabet Serrat ◽

Anna Amadó ◽

Carles Rostan ◽

Beatriz Caparrós ◽

Francesc Sidera

Keyword(s):

Emotional Expression ◽

Contextual Information ◽

Pretend Play ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Young Group ◽

Emotional Expressions ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Ability Test ◽

Facial Information ◽

Final Sample

This study aims to further understand children’s capacity to identify and reason about pretend emotions by analyzing which sources of information they take into account when interpreting emotions simulated in pretend play contexts. A total of 79 children aged 3 to 8 participated in the final sample of the study. They were divided into the young group (ages 3 to 5) and the older group (6 to 8). The children were administered a facial emotion recognition task, a pretend emotions task, and a non-verbal cognitive ability test. In the pretend emotions task, the children were asked whether the protagonist of silent videos, who was displaying pretend emotions (pretend anger and pretend sadness), was displaying a real or a pretend emotion, and to justify their answer. The results show significant differences in the children’s capacity to identify and justify pretend emotions according to age and type of emotion. The data suggest that young children recognize pretend sadness, but have more difficulty detecting pretend anger. In addition, children seem to find facial information more useful for the detection of pretend sadness than pretend anger, and they more often interpret the emotional expression of the characters in terms of pretend play. The present research presents new data about the recognition of negative emotional expressions of sadness and anger and the type of information children take into account to justify their interpretation of pretend emotions, which consists not only in emotional expression but also contextual information.

Download Full-text

Effects of fixed- and varied-context repetition on associative recognition in amnesia

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617710000287 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 596-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

DANIEL L. GREENBERG ◽

MIEKE VERFAELLIE

Keyword(s):

False Alarm ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Associative Recognition ◽

False Alarms ◽

Study Phase ◽

Repetition Condition ◽

Context Condition ◽

False Alarm Rates

AbstractThis study compared the effects of fixed- and varied-context repetition on associative recognition in amnesia. Controls and amnesic participants were presented with a set of three-word phrases. Each was presented three times. In the varied-context condition, the verb changed with each presentation; in the fixed-context condition, it remained constant. At test, participants performed an associative-recognition task in which they were shown pairs of words from the study phase and asked to distinguish between intact and recombined pairs. For corrected recognition (hits – false alarms), controls performed better in the varied-context than in the fixed-context repetition condition, whereas amnesic participants’ performance did not differ between conditions. Similarly, controls had lower false-alarm rates in the varied-context condition, but there was no significant effect of condition for the amnesic participants. Thus, varied-context repetition does not improve amnesic participants’ performance on a recollection-dependent associative-recognition task, possibly because the amnesic participants were unable to take advantage of the additional cues that the varied-context encoding condition provided. (JINS, 2010, 16, 596–602.)

Download Full-text

AN INVESTIGATION OF FALSE MEMORIES IN ANXIOUS AND FEARFUL INDIVIDUALS

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1017/s1352465804001407 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 257-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Amy Wenzel ◽

Candice Jostad ◽

Jennifer R. Brendle ◽

F. Richard Ferraro ◽

Chad M. Lystad

Keyword(s):

False Memory ◽

False Memories ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Recall Task ◽

Memory Bias ◽

Socially Anxious ◽

Social Evaluative Threat ◽

Word Lists ◽

Target Words

The present study applied the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm to examine whether anxious and fearful individuals exhibit higher recall and recognition rates of never presented threat words than nonanxious individuals. In Study 1, 39 spider fearful individuals, 28 blood fearful individuals, and 41 nonfearful individuals learned four word lists associated with unpresented target words: “spider”, “blood”, “river”, and “music”. Regardless of whether participants completed only a recognition task or a recall task and then a recognition task, there were no differences as a function of group in the degree to which they falsely remembered unpresented target threat words. In Study 2, 48 socially anxious and 51 nonanxious individuals learned four lists associated with social/evaluative threat unpresented target words and four lists associated with neutral unpresented target words. Similar to the findings from Study 1, groups did not differ in the degree to which they falsely remembered target words. These findings add to an increasingly large literature suggesting that anxious individuals are not characterized by a memory bias toward threat.

Download Full-text

Recognition and Evaluation of Clinical Section Headings in Clinical Documents Using Token-Based Formulation with Conditional Random Fields

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/873012 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hong-Jie Dai ◽

Shabbir Syed-Abdul ◽

Chih-Wei Chen ◽

Chieh-Chen Wu

Keyword(s):

Clinical Judgment ◽

Conditional Random Field ◽

Contextual Information ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Classification Problem ◽

Recognition System ◽

Digital Data ◽

Section Heading ◽

Sentence Classification ◽

Electronic Health

Electronic health record (EHR) is a digital data format that collects electronic health information about an individual patient or population. To enhance the meaningful use of EHRs, information extraction techniques have been developed to recognize clinical concepts mentioned in EHRs. Nevertheless, the clinical judgment of an EHR cannot be known solely based on the recognized concepts without considering its contextual information. In order to improve the readability and accessibility of EHRs, this work developed a section heading recognition system for clinical documents. In contrast to formulating the section heading recognition task as a sentence classification problem, this work proposed a token-based formulation with the conditional random field (CRF) model. A standard section heading recognition corpus was compiled by annotators with clinical experience to evaluate the performance and compare it with sentence classification and dictionary-based approaches. The results of the experiments showed that the proposed method achieved a satisfactoryF-score of 0.942, which outperformed the sentence-based approach and the best dictionary-based system by 0.087 and 0.096, respectively. One important advantage of our formulation over the sentence-based approach is that it presented an integrated solution without the need to develop additional heuristics rules for isolating the headings from the surrounding section contents.

Download Full-text

Age-related Differences in Brain Activity during True and False Memory Retrieval

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2008.20096 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 1390-1402 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Nancy A. Dennis ◽

Hongkeun Kim ◽

Roberto Cabeza

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Young Adults ◽

False Memory ◽

Semantic Processing ◽

Temporal Cortex ◽

Memory Task ◽

False Memories ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Retrosplenial Cortex ◽

Age Related

Compared to young adults, older adults show not only a reduction in true memories but also an increase in false memories. We investigated the neural bases of these age effects using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a false memory task that resembles the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Young and older participants were scanned during a word recognition task that included studied words and new words that were strongly associated with studied words (critical lures). During correct recognition of studied words (true memory), older adults showed weaker activity than young adults in the hippocampus but stronger activity than young adults in the retrosplenial cortex. The hippocampal reduction is consistent with age-related deficits in recollection, whereas the retrosplenial increase suggests compensatory recruitment of alternative recollection-related regions. During incorrect recognition of critical lures (false memory), older adults displayed stronger activity than young adults in the left lateral temporal cortex, a region involved in semantic processing and semantic gist. Taken together, the results suggest that older adults' deficits in true memories reflect a decline in recollection processes mediated by the hippocampus, whereas their increased tendency to have false memories reflects their reliance on semantic gist mediated by the lateral temporal cortex.

Download Full-text

Autobiographical Brand Images Give a Higher Chance to False Memory as Compared to Neutral Images

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal ◽

10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohsen Shabani ◽

◽

Javad Salehi ◽

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

False Memory ◽

False Recognition ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Distractor Task ◽

Local Market ◽

Memory Mechanism ◽

Emotional Perception ◽

Prior Experiences

Consumers’ prior experiences shape an episodic memory which largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that a brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from those of other types of images. In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones. We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the test of normality, reaction times, and false recognition rates of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test. The results showed a significant decrease in reaction times and an increase in false recognition rates of brand pictures as compared to neutral ones. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings could pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.

Download Full-text

Hands-on false memories: A combined study with distributional semantics and mouse-tracking

10.31234/osf.io/5gvwe ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniele Gatti ◽

Marco Marelli ◽

Giuliana Mazzoni ◽

Tomaso Vecchi ◽

Luca Rinaldi

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

False Memory ◽

Semantic Similarity ◽

Time Window ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Mouse Tracking ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Distributional Semantic Models ◽

Temporal Measures ◽

The Impact

Despite mouse-tracking has been taken as a real-time window into different aspects of human decision-making processes, currently little is known about how the decision process unfolds in veridical and false memory retrieval. Here, we directly investigated these processes by predicting participants’ performance in a mouse-tracking version of a typical Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) task through distributional semantic models, a usage-based approach to meaning. Participants were required to study lists of associated words and then to perform a recognition task with the mouse. Results showed that mouse trajectories were extensively affected by the semantic similarity between the words presented in the recognition phase and the ones previously studied. In particular, the higher the semantic similarity, the larger the conflict driving the choice and the higher the irregularity in the trajectory when correctly rejecting new words (i.e., the false memory items). Conversely, on the temporal evolution of the decision, our results showed that semantic similarity affects more complex temporal measures indexing the online decision processes subserving task performance. Together, these findings demonstrate that semantic similarity can affect human behavior at the level of motor control, testifying its influence on online decision-making processes. More generally, our findings complement previous seminal theories on false memory and provide insights on the impact of the semantic memory structure on different decision-making components.

Download Full-text

Sensory suppression and increased neuromodulation during actions disrupt memory encoding of unpredictable self-initiated stimuli

10.1101/2021.12.15.472750 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nadia Paraskevoudi ◽

Iria SanMiguel

Keyword(s):

Sensory Processing ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Pupil Dilation ◽

Memory Bias ◽

Memory Encoding ◽

Differential Processing ◽

Sensory Suppression ◽

Sensory Attenuation

Actions modulate sensory processing by attenuating responses to self- compared to externally-generated inputs, which is traditionally attributed to stimulus-specific motor predictions. Yet, suppression has been also found for stimuli merely coinciding with actions, pointing to unspecific processes that may be driven by neuromodulatory systems. Meanwhile, the differential processing for self-generated stimuli raises the possibility of producing effects also on memory for these stimuli, however, evidence remains mixed as to the direction of the effects. Here, we assessed the effects of actions on sensory processing and memory encoding of concomitant, but unpredictable sounds, using a combination of self-generation and memory recognition task concurrently with EEG and pupil recordings. At encoding, subjects performed button presses that half of the time generated a sound (motor-auditory; MA) and listened to passively presented sounds (auditory-only; A). At retrieval, two sounds were presented and participants had to respond which one was present before. We measured memory bias and memory performance by having sequences where either both or only one of the test sounds were presented at encoding, respectively. Results showed worse memory performance — but no differences in memory bias — and attenuated responses and larger pupil diameter for MA compared to A sounds. Critically, the larger the sensory attenuation and pupil diameter, the worse the memory performance for MA sounds. Nevertheless, sensory attenuation did not correlate with pupil dilation. Collectively, our findings suggest that sensory attenuation and neuromodulatory processes coexist during actions, and both relate to disrupted memory for concurrent, albeit unpredictable sounds.

Download Full-text

The benefit (and cost) of drawing as an encoding strategy

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021819869188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 199-210

Author(s):

Melissa E Meade ◽

Michael D Klein ◽

Myra A Fernandes

Keyword(s):

False Alarm ◽

False Memory ◽

Recognition Test ◽

Mental Imagery ◽

Side Effect ◽

Contextual Information ◽

Drm Paradigm ◽

Related Information ◽

Object Features ◽

Encoding Strategy

Drawing, as an encoding strategy for to-be-remembered words, has previously been shown to provide robust memory benefits. In the current study, we investigated the effect of drawing on false memory endorsements during a recognition test. We found that while drawing led to higher hit rates relative to writing (Experiment 1) and creating visual mental imagery (Experiment 2), it also led to higher false alarm (FA) rates to critical lures in a variant of the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. When compared with an encoding strategy requiring listing of object features (Experiment 3), drawing led to a lower FA rate. We suggest that drawing enhances memory by promoting recollection of rich visual contextual information during retrieval, and this leads to the unintended side effect of increasing FA rates to related information.

Download Full-text