scholarly journals Heterogeneity in the Development of Proactive and Reactive Aggression in Childhood: Common and Specific Genetic - Environmental Factors

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Paquin ◽  
Eric Lacourse ◽  
Mara Brendgen ◽  
Frank Vitaro ◽  
Richard E. Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Reactive Aggression ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Proactive And Reactive Aggression ◽  
The One

Background: Few studies are grounded in a developmental framework to study proactive and reactive aggression. Furthermore, although distinctive correlates, predictors and outcomes have been highlighted, proactive and reactive aggression are substantially correlated. To our knowledge, no empirical study has examined the communality of genetic and environmental underpinning of the development of both subtypes of aggression. The current study investigated the communality and specificity of genetic-environmental factors related to heterogeneity in proactive and reactive aggression’s development throughout childhood. Methods: Participants were 223 monozygotic and 332 dizygotic pairs. Teacher reports of aggression were obtained at 6, 7, 9, 10 and 12 years of age. Joint development of both phenotypes were analyzed through a multivariate latent growth curve model. Set point, differentiation, and genetic maturation/environmental modulation hypotheses were tested using a biometric decomposition of intercepts and slopes. Results: Common genetic factors accounted for 64% of the total variation of proactive and reactive aggression’s intercepts. Two other sets of uncorrelated genetic factors accounted for reactive aggression’s intercept (17%) on the one hand, and for proactive (43%) and reactive (13%) aggression’s slopes on the other. Common shared environmental factors were associated with proactive aggression’s intercept (21%) and slope (26%) and uncorrelated shared environmental factors were also associated with reactive aggression’s slope (14%). Common nonshared environmental factors explained most of the remaining variability of proactive and reactive aggression slopes. Conclusions. A genetic differentiation hypothesis common to both phenotypes was supported by common genetic factors associated with the developmental heterogeneity of proactive and reactive aggression in childhood. A genetic maturation hypothesis common to both phenotypes, albeit stronger for proactive aggression, was supported by common genetic factors associated with proactive and reactive aggression slopes. A shared environment set point hypothesis for proactive aggression was supported by shared environmental factors associated with proactive aggression baseline and slope. Although there are many common features to proactive and reactive aggression, the current research underscores the advantages of differentiating them when studying aggression.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in the development of proactive and reactive aggression in childhood: Common and specific genetic - environmental factors

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. e0188730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Paquin ◽  
Eric Lacourse ◽  
Mara Brendgen ◽  
Frank Vitaro ◽  
Ginette Dionne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Reactive Aggression ◽  
Proactive And Reactive Aggression

scholarly journals Sources of covariation among the child-externalizing disorders: informant effects and the shared environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. ALEXANDRA BURT ◽  
MATT McGUE ◽  
ROBERT F. KRUEGER ◽  
WILLIAM G. IACONO
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Informant Effects

Background. Research has documented high levels of co-morbidity among childhood externalizing disorders, but its etiology remains in dispute. Specifically, although all behavior genetic studies of the etiology of the co-occurrence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) agree that genetic factors are important, differences exist across studies in the relative weight assigned to genetic, shared environmental factors (i.e. factors that increase similarity among family members), and non-shared environmental factors (i.e. factors that decrease similarity among family members). Because heritability estimates can vary across informants, we used a biometric informant-effects model to determine whether these discrepancies were a function of systematic differences in maternal and child informant reports of ADHD, CD, and ODD.Method. We studied 1782 11-year-old twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Symptom counts for each disorder were obtained from interviews administered to twins and their mothers. We fit a model that allowed us to examine, both across and within informants, the genetic and environmental contributions to the co-occurrence among ADHD, CD, and ODD.Results. The results revealed that the co-occurrence among the disorders common to maternal and child informant reports was influenced largely by shared environmental forces. Genetic factors also contributed, though their impact was only marginally significant. In contrast, the co-occurrence unique to each informant was influenced exclusively by either genetic or non-shared environmental factors.Conclusions. Such findings offer additional evidence that shared environmental factors are important to the co-morbidity among ADHD, CD, and ODD, and highlight the necessity of considering informant effects when drawing conclusions about the origins of co-morbidity from analyses of genetically informative data.

scholarly journals The Effects of Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Self-Control on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Bullying

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5760
Author(s):  
Fernanda Inéz García-Vázquez ◽  
Angel Alberto Valdés-Cuervo ◽  
Lizeth Guadalupe Parra-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Reactive Aggression ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Proactive And Reactive Aggression ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression

The social cognitive approach to moral development posits that moral self-schemas encourage character strengths and reduce adolescents’ aggression. However, limited research has examined the influence of positive personal characteristics on proactive behaviors and reactive aggression in bullying. This study examined direct and mediational relationships between forgiveness, gratitude, self-control, and both proactive and reactive aggression in bullying. The extent to which the structural relations of this model were invariant by gender and stage of adolescence were also evaluated. Participants in this study were 1000 Mexican students, 500 early adolescents (M age = 12.36, SD = 0.77 years) and 500 middle adolescents (M age = 16.64, SD = 0.89 years), between 12 and 17 years old. Structural equation and multi-group invariance analysis were performed. Results indicate that gratitude and forgiveness are positively related to self-control. Gratitude, forgiveness, and self-control are also negatively related to reactive and proactive aggression. Forgiveness and gratitude had an indirect relationship by decreasing both proactive and reactive aggression through their positive effects on self-control. Additionally, gender moderated the relationships between variables proposed in the model, whereas stage of adolescence did not. Overall findings suggest that moral self-schemas and strengths explained both types of aggression in bullying.

Psychological well-being (PWB): a natural life outlook? An Italian twin study on heritability of PWB in young adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2637-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gigantesco ◽  
M. A. Stazi ◽  
G. Alessandri ◽  
E. Medda ◽  
E. Tarolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Purpose In Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Self Acceptance

BackgroundTo date, the genetic and environmental architecture of the dimensions of psychological well-being (PWB) remains unexplored.MethodPWB of 742 twins aged 23–24 years and enrolled in the Italian Twin Registry was assessed with the three-item version of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB). These scales include items for evaluating the PWB dimensions of self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. A twin design was used to obtain correlations in the PWB dimensions for monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and to estimate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to variation and covariation in the dimensions.ResultsGenetic factors explained moderate to substantial proportions of variance in the six SPWB dimensions, with heritability estimates between 37% and 64%. The estimates of genetic correlations were very high (range 0.77–0.99), indicating that genetic factors that influence the expression of the different dimensions of PWB may be shared to a large extent. Non-shared environmental correlations ranged from substantial to high, with the exception of the correlation between autonomy and the dimensions of purpose in life, self-acceptance and personal growth.ConclusionsThis study presents a twin analysis of PWB measured by the SPWB dimensions; it was found that both genes and non-shared environment play a role in individual differences. The genetic and non-shared environmental correlations between SPWB dimensions suggest that common underlying genetic and non-shared environmental factors influence the expression of the different facets of PWB.

scholarly journals Iatrogenic Influences on the Heritability of Childhood Tonsillectomy: Cohort Differences in Twin Concordance

1991 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.G. Martin ◽  
U. Kehren ◽  
D. Battistutta ◽  
J.D. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Equal Size ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Adult Twins ◽  
Mz Twins

AbstractIn 1980-82, a mailed questionnaire was completed by 3,810 pairs of adult twins enrolled on the Australian NH&MRC Twin Register. Twins were asked whether they had had their tonsils out and, if so, at what age. The sample was divided into four birth cohorts of approximately equal size, and only childhood tonsillectomy (to the age of 18) was considered. The prevalence of tonsillectomy differed markedly between cohorts, being highest in those born in the 1940s and early 1950s. Within each cohort, the prevalence was very similar in MZ and DZ twins, yet concordance was much higher in MZ twins, indicating the importance of genetic factors in predisposition to tonsillectomy. However, the proportions of variance in liability due to genetic and shared environmental factors differed markedly between cohorts. In the 1950s, when tonsillectomy was fashionable, shared environment accounted for 60% of variance and genetic factors for only 29%. However, by the early 1960s, when tonsillectomy was going out of fashion, heritability was up to 0.82 and shared environment accounted for only 10% of variance. Our results illustrate, once again, that heritability is not a constant, but depends on the precise characteristics of the population and the time at which it is studied.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis and Factors associated with Insulin Resistance

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-532
Author(s):  
Md Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Tabassum Tahmin Sajani ◽  
Kamrunnahar Alo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Insulin resistance has been the subject of much debate over the last two decades. Its pathophysiological basis, however, still remains to be clearly understood. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Mutation of genes encoding signal transduction molecules of insulin and acquired factors like aging, diets, physical activity, obesity and related molecular changes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and smoking were proposed by many groups. This review examined both acquired and genetic factors and discussed model of hormone-receptor-postreceptor interactions to explore the molecular basis of insulin resistance.KYAMC Journal Vol. 5, No.-2, Jan 2015, Page 527-532

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