scholarly journals Sources of covariation among the child-externalizing disorders: informant effects and the shared environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. ALEXANDRA BURT ◽  
MATT McGUE ◽  
ROBERT F. KRUEGER ◽  
WILLIAM G. IACONO
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Informant Effects

Background. Research has documented high levels of co-morbidity among childhood externalizing disorders, but its etiology remains in dispute. Specifically, although all behavior genetic studies of the etiology of the co-occurrence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) agree that genetic factors are important, differences exist across studies in the relative weight assigned to genetic, shared environmental factors (i.e. factors that increase similarity among family members), and non-shared environmental factors (i.e. factors that decrease similarity among family members). Because heritability estimates can vary across informants, we used a biometric informant-effects model to determine whether these discrepancies were a function of systematic differences in maternal and child informant reports of ADHD, CD, and ODD.Method. We studied 1782 11-year-old twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Symptom counts for each disorder were obtained from interviews administered to twins and their mothers. We fit a model that allowed us to examine, both across and within informants, the genetic and environmental contributions to the co-occurrence among ADHD, CD, and ODD.Results. The results revealed that the co-occurrence among the disorders common to maternal and child informant reports was influenced largely by shared environmental forces. Genetic factors also contributed, though their impact was only marginally significant. In contrast, the co-occurrence unique to each informant was influenced exclusively by either genetic or non-shared environmental factors.Conclusions. Such findings offer additional evidence that shared environmental factors are important to the co-morbidity among ADHD, CD, and ODD, and highlight the necessity of considering informant effects when drawing conclusions about the origins of co-morbidity from analyses of genetically informative data.

Genetic effects on the variation and covariation of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptomatologies across informant and occasion of measurement

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. NADDER ◽  
M. RUTTER ◽  
J. L. SILBERG ◽  
H. H. MAES ◽  
L. J. EAVES
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Multiple Informants ◽  
Genetic Liability ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity

Background. Previous studies have shown that the presence of conduct disorder may contribute to the persistence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology into adolescence; however, the aetiological relationship between the two phenotypes remains undetermined. Furthermore, studies utilizing multiple informants have indicated that teacher ratings of these phenotypes are more valid than maternal reports.Methods. The genetic structure underlying the persistence of ADHD and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptomatologies as rated by mothers and teachers at two occasions of measurement was investigated on a sample of 494 male and 603 female same sex adolescent twin pairs participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD).Results. Using structural modelling techniques, one common genetic factor was shown to govern the covariation between the phenotypes across informants and occasion of measurement with additional genetic factors specific to ODD/CD symptomatology and persistence of symptomatology at reassessment. Genetic structures underlying the phenotypes were, to some extent, informant dependent.Conclusions. The findings indicate that it is unlikely that the co-morbidity between ADHD and ODD/CD is due to environmental influences that are independent of ADHD. Rather it is likely to be due to a shared genetic liability either operating directly, or indirectly through gene–environment correlations or interactions. The covariation between phenotypes across informants and time is governed by a common set of genes, but it seems that ODD/CD is also influenced by additional genetic factors. Developmentally, different forms of genetic liability control ADHD in males and inattention in females.

Emotion Dysregulation and Externalizing Spectrum Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 236-247
Author(s):  
Tiffany M. Shader ◽  
Theodore P. Beauchaine
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Peer Influences ◽  
Neighborhood Violence ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
And Function

As described in the literature for many years, a sizable number of children with hyperactive-impulsive and combined subtypes/presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—especially males—progress to more serious externalizing syndromes across development. Such outcomes include oppositional defiant disorder, conduct problems, delinquency, substance use disorders, and in some cases antisocial personality disorder, incarceration, and recidivism. This chapter summarizes a developmental model that emphasizes different contributions of trait impulsivity, a highly heritable, subcortically mediated vulnerability, versus emotion dysregulation, a highly socialized, cortically mediated vulnerability, to externalizing progression. According to this perspective, trait impulsivity confers vulnerability to all externalizing disorders, but this vulnerability is unlikely to progress beyond ADHD in protective environments. In contrast, for children who are reared under conditions of adversity—including poverty, family violence, deviant peer influences, and neighborhood violence/criminality—neurodevelopment of prefrontal cortex structure and function is compromised, resulting in failures to achieve age-expected gains in emotion regulation and other forms of executive control. For these children, subcortical vulnerabilities to trait impulsivity are amplified by deficient cortical modulation, which facilitates progression along the externalizing spectrum.

scholarly journals Atomoxetine in the Treatment of the Most Common Comorbid Disorders of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Anxiety Disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
E. Snircova ◽  
T. Kulhan ◽  
G. Nosalova ◽  
I. Ondrejka
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood or adolescence is associated with a significantly higher lifetime risk of oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, among others. Reports of co-morbidity rates are variable and influenced by assesment methodology and refferal bias, and may reflect lifetime rates within clinical groups. Up-to date studies revealed that as many as 85% of patients with ADHD have at least one psychiatric comorbidity and approximately 60% have at least two. Research and clinical practice has shown that having multiple co-existing psychiatric problems increase the severity of ADHD and behavioural problems, and is associated with incereased psychosocial impairment. The high rate of psychiatric problems co-occuring with ADHD has strong implications for the management of these patients. The presence of co-existing psychiatric conditions may moderate the response to treatment of ADHD and ADHD treatments may adversely affect and exacerbate the symptoms of the co-morbit condition. The aim of this article was to summarize the use of atomoxetine in the most frequent co-morbid disorders accompaining ADHD, ODD (oppositional defiant disorder) and anxiety, and to emphazise decrease of co-morbid symptoms with treatment of atomoxetine what exhort us to think about them as about possible subtypes of ADHD.

scholarly journals Sex and Informant Effects on Diagnostic Comorbidity in an Adolescent Community Sample

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Romano ◽  
Richard E Tremblay ◽  
Frank Vitaro ◽  
Mark Zoccolillo ◽  
Linda Pagani
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Internalizing Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Informant Effects ◽  
Oppositional Disorder

Objective: To investigate sex and informant effects on comorbidity rates for anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and conduct–oppositional disorder (CD–ODD) in an adolescent community sample. Method: The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-2.25 (DISC-2.25) was administered to 1201 adolescents and their mothers. Results: The highest comorbidity risk found was between ADHD and CD–ODD, with odds ratios (ORs) of 17.6 for adolescent reports and 12.0 for mother reports. The second-highest comorbidity risk, with ORs of 13.2 for adolescent reports and 11.0 for mother reports, was between anxiety and depressive disorders. There was not much overlap between internalizing and externalizing disorders. Adolescent girls had higher rates of coexisting anxiety and depressive disorders, whereas adolescent boys had higher rates of coexisting ADHD and CD–ODD. There was partial support for the hypothesis that adolescent-reported comorbidity rates would exceed mother-reported rates. Conclusions: There is a greater cooccurrence of within-category, compared with between-category, disorders. Adolescent girls are more likely to have coexisting internalizing disorders, while adolescent boys are more likely to have coexisting externalizing disorders. Mothers tend to report more externalizing disorders (that is, ADHD), while adolescents generally report more internalizing disorders.

scholarly journals ADHD, ODD, and CD: Do They Belong to a Common Psychopathological Spectrum? A Case Series

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayanti Ghosh ◽  
Mausumi Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Past History ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Symptom Profile ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shared Risk

Purpose of Research. Numerous studies have reported comorbidities, overlapping symptoms, and shared risk factors among cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). We present three adolescent males aged 13–16 years with conduct disorder having past history of ADHD and ODD.Principal Result. The symptom profile especially in domains of aggression, hostility, and emotionality as well as the manner of progression from ADHD to ODD and CD in the above cases shows a similar pattern.Conclusion. These common developmental pathways and overlapping symptoms suggest the possibility of a common psychopathological spectrum encompassing the three externalizing disorders.

Persistence and remission of ADHD during adulthood: a 7-year clinical follow-up study

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 2045-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Karam ◽  
V. Breda ◽  
F. A. Picon ◽  
D. L. Rovaris ◽  
M. M. Victor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Full Remission ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity

BackgroundCourse and predictors of persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults are still largely unknown. Neurobiological and clinical differences between child and adult ADHD raise the need for follow-up studies of patients diagnosed during adulthood. This study investigates predictors of ADHD persistence and the possibility of full remission 7 years after baseline assessment.MethodA 7-year follow-up study of adults with ADHD (n = 344, mean age 34.1 years, 49.9% males) was conducted. Variables from different domains (social demographics, co-morbidities, temperament, medication status, ADHD measures) were explored with the aim of finding potential predictors of ADHD persistence.ResultsRetention rate was 66% (n = 227). Approximately a third of the sample (n = 70, 30.2%) did not maintain ADHD criteria and 28 (12.4%) presented full remission (<4 symptoms), independently of changes in co-morbidity or cognitive demand profiles. Baseline predictors of diagnostic persistence were higher number of inattention symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 8.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.54–25.45, p < 0.001], number of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04–1.34, p = 0.01), oppositional defiant disorder (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.20–8.11, p = 0.02), and social phobia (OR 3.59, 95% CI 1.12–11.47, p = 0.03).ConclusionsDespite the stage of brain maturation in adults suggests stability, approximately one third of the sample did not keep full DSM-IV diagnosis at follow-up, regardless if at early, middle or older adulthood. Although full remission is less common than in childhood, it should be considered as a possible outcome among adults.

Theory and Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Brian A. Zaboski ◽  
Emma Romaker ◽  
Diana Joyce-Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Albert Ellis ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was created by two central figures, Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck, both of whom contributed uniquely to its contemporary formulation. Since its inception, CBT’s research and clinical applications have spanned thousands of scientific papers and assisted many more children, adolescents, and families. This chapter discusses CBT’s theoretical development and the differing and converging views of its central theorists and describes three major theoretical conceptualizations: rational-emotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and a general model. This chapter then reviews CBT’s research effectiveness for a wide range of internalizing and externalizing disorders, including anxiety, depression, autism, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It concludes with a case study delineating the two major theoretical approaches.

scholarly journals ECI-4 screening of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and co-morbidity in Mexican preschool children: preliminary results

2006 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 932-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Poblano ◽  
Erika Romero
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
School Settings ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Dsm Iv

OBJECTIVE: To examine prospectively usefulness of Early Childhood Inventory-4 (ECI-4) in identifying attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). METHOD: A sample of children <6 years of age were evaluated in school settings with ECI-4 and results compared with those of Conners Rating Scales-Revised (CRS-R) 6 months later. Sample consisted of 34 healthy children (20 boys, 14 girls) prospectively followed-up. RESULTS: Frequency of children fulfill DSM-IV AD-HD criteria in ECI-4 parent scale was 17%, and in teacher scale was 32%. Frequency of children fulfill DSM-IV AD-HD criteria in parent CRS-R was 20%, and for teacher questionnaire was 23%. Correlations were significant among teacher ECI-4 and both teacher and parent CRS-R scales. Sensitivity and specificity of teacher and parent ECI-4 scales were not good. Frequency of ODD identified in parent ECI-4 scale was 5%, and for teacher 17%. Frequency of ODD in CRS-R for parents and teachers questionnaires was 17%. CD was not identified by parents in ECI-4 scale, but in teacher scale frequency was 14%. CONCLUSION: These facts support partially the use of ECI-4 screening of ADHD in Spanish-speaking preschool children.

Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. FARAONE ◽  
J. BIEDERMAN ◽  
J. G. JETTON ◽  
M. T. TSUANG
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Familial Association ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Study Methodology

Background. An obstacle to the successful classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the frequently reported co-morbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder (CD). Prior work suggested that from a familial perspective, ADHD children with CD may be aetiologically distinct from those without CD.Methods. Using family study methodology and three longitudinal assessments over 4 years, we tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Results. At the 4-year follow-up, there were 34 children with lifetime diagnoses of ADHD + CD, 59 with ADHD + ODD and 33 with ADHD only. These were compared with 92 non-ADHD, non-CD, non-ODD control probands. Familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1) relatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater risk for ADHD and ODD than relatives of normal controls; (2) rates of CD and ASPD were elevated among relatives of ADHD + CD probands only; (3) the co-aggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could not be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses; and (4) both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same relatives more often than expected by chance alone.Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADHD with and without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders and provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic conduct disorder.

scholarly journals Reward-Related Dysfunctions in Children Developing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—Roles of Oppositional and Callous-Unemotional Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Schloß ◽  
Friederike Derz ◽  
Pia Schurek ◽  
Alisa Susann Cosan ◽  
Katja Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Approach Motivation ◽  
Autonomic Reactivity ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Cu Traits ◽  
Callous Unemotional ◽  
Oppositional Defiant

Objectives: Neurocognitive functions might indicate specific pathways in developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We focus on reward-related dysfunctions and analyze whether reward-related inhibitory control (RRIC), approach motivation, and autonomic reactivity to reward-related stimuli are linked to developing ADHD, while accounting for comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and callous-unemotional (CU) traits.Methods: A sample of 198 preschool children (115 boys; age: m = 58, s = 6 months) was re-assessed at age 8 years (m = 101.4, s = 3.6 months). ADHD diagnosis was made by clinical interviews. We measured ODD symptoms and CU traits using a multi-informant approach, RRIC (Snack-Delay task, Gift-Bag task) and approach tendency using neuropsychological tasks, and autonomic reactivity via indices of electrodermal activity (EDA).Results: Low RRIC and low autonomic reactivity were uniquely associated with ADHD, while longitudinal and cross-sectional links between approach motivation and ADHD were completely explained by comorbid ODD and CU symptoms.Conclusion: High approach motivation indicated developing ADHD with ODD and CU problems, while low RRIC and low reward-related autonomic reactivity were linked to developing pure ADHD. The results are in line with models on neurocognitive subtypes in externalizing disorders.

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