Genome-Wide Linkage and Association Study of Childhood Gender Nonconformity in Males

Male sexual orientation is influenced by environmental and complex genetic factors. Childhood gender nonconformity (CGN) is one of the strongest correlates of homosexuality with substantial familiality. We studied brothers in families with two or more homosexual brothers (409 concordant sibling pairs in 384 families, as well as their heterosexual brothers), who self-recalled their CGN. To map loci for CGN, we conducted a genome-wide linkage scan (GWLS) using SNP genotypes. The strongest linkage peaks, each with significant or suggestive two-point LOD scores and multipoint LOD score support, were on chromosomes 5q31 (maximum two-point LOD = 4.45), 6q12 (maximum two-point LOD = 3.64), 7q33 (maximum two-point LOD = 3.09), and 8q24 (maximum two-point LOD = 3.67), with the latter not overlapping with previously reported strongest linkage region for male sexual orientation on pericentromeric chromosome 8. Family-based association analyses were used to identify associated variants in the linkage regions, with a cluster of SNPs (minimum association p = 1.3 × 10–8) found at the 5q31 linkage peak. Genome-wide, clusters of multiple SNPs in the 10–6 to 10–8p-value range were found at chromosomes 5p13, 5q31, 7q32, 8p22, and 10q23, highlighting glutamate-related genes. This is the first reported GWLS and genome-wide association study on CGN. Further increasing genetic knowledge about CGN and its relationships to male sexual orientation should help advance our understanding of the biology of these associated traits.

Preschool Gender-Typed Play Behavior Predicts Adolescent Gender-Typed Occupational Interests: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study

There are significant gender differences in both play behavior and occupational interests. Play has been regarded as an important medium for development of skills and personal characteristics. Play may also influence subsequent preferences through social and cognitive processes involved in gender development. The present study investigated the association between gender-typed play behavior in early childhood and gender-typed occupational interests in early adolescence. Participants were drawn from a British longitudinal population study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Participants were recruited based on their parent-reported gender-typed play behavior assessed at age 3.5 years. There were 66 masculine boys and 61 masculine girls, 82 feminine boys and 69 feminine girls, and 55 randomly selected control boys and 67 randomly selected control girls. At age 13 years, the participants were administered a questionnaire assessing their interest in gender-typed occupations. It was found that masculine children showed significantly more interest in male-typical occupations than did control or feminine children. Compared with control children, feminine children had marginally significantly lower interest in male-typical jobs. Masculine children also had significantly lower interest in female-typical jobs than did control or feminine children. The associations were not moderated by gender and were observed after taking into account sociodemographic background, parental occupations, and academic performance. The degree of gender-typed play shown by preschoolers can predict their occupational interests 10 years later following transition into adolescence. Childhood gender-typed play has occupational implications that transcend developmental stages.

The Effects of Agential Realism on Gender Research and Education

Agential realism presents a posthuman onto-epistemology that facilitates nuanced ways of engaging with the production of gender. Some key ways in which cisnormativities privilege particular ways of doing gender premise the need for a nonessentializing means of conceptualizing gender. Agential realism is situated among a range of research and educational approaches that are already engaged in this project. The theory makes a novel contribution to this project via its treatment of matter and discursivity as immanently entangled, which fundamentally reconfigures thinking around how gender may manifest. Definitions and examples of the use of Baradian terms, including phenomena, apparatuses, intra-action, ethico-onto-epistemology, spacetimemattering, and diffraction, demonstrate agential realism’s capacity to expand gender theory. The approach becomes a means of simultaneously engaging with less conventional ways in which gender is already experienced, as well as potentiating more expansive possibilities for gendered becomings. As evidence of its impact, research that has employed agential realist thinking in relation to gender in and beyond educational settings is drawn on to further delineate the field. This includes four subsections—early childhood gender education, secondary school gender and education, tertiary educational genderings, and extracurricular genderings—each of which draws on a range of circumstances and responses to gender. These examples embody leading scholarship at the juncture of agential realism and gender theory, which already offer a diversity of considerations that otherwise would not have been possible.

Low perinatal androgens predict recalled childhood gender nonconformity in men

The contributions of gender socialization and direct hormonal action on the brain in the development of human behavioral sex differences are subjects of intense scientific and social interest. Prior research indicates masculinized behavioral patterns in individuals with high prenatal androgen exposure raised as girls, but complementary evidence regarding individuals with low prenatal androgens raised as boys is critically lacking. We investigated recalled childhood gender nonconformity (CGN) in men (n = 65) and women (n = 32) with isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD) and typically developing men (n = 463) and women (n = 1207). IGD is characterized by low or absent gonadal hormone production after the first trimester of gestation until hormone replacement therapy initiation around the time of puberty, but external appearance is concordant with chromosomal and gonadal sex. Compared to typically developing men, men with IGD reported higher CGN, particularly if they also reported cryptorchidism at birth, a marker of low perinatal androgens. Women with IGD did not differ from typically developing women. These results suggest that early androgen exposure after the first trimester contributes to male-typical gender role behaviors in childhood.

O Cinema e sua dimensão estético-pedagógica: Bacurau e a Lógica Exúlica

The article “Cinema and its aesthetic-pedagogical dimension: Bacurau and the Exulic Logic” aims to express the aesthetic-pedagogical dimension of cinema, reaching many social fabrics for being a structure that allows a continuous action in the production of subjectivity and in the formation of taste and interest of its consuming agents, through possible representativeness and representation. We use the Exulic Logic as a methodology Souza (2016) to understand the relationships between collectivity, childhood, gender markings, the understanding of 'the other' and the city, centralizing knowledge at the crossroads. This dialogue forges possibilities of breaking away from the coloniality of power, enabling circularity of knowledge, which in itself already proposes a break with Cartesian reasoning, which is based on an imperialist, colonial construction that privileges: Eurocentrism to the detriment of African, Aphrodiasporic and indigenous cosmoperceptions; adultcentrism, disregarding children's knowledge and the possible practices of the elderly, thus, with a racist, utilitarian and capitalistic bias. It is in the removal of or, for the addition of and, in the valuation of the sum, that it is observed that there is no such order of importance that the Euro-straight-male-authoritarian Prudente (2019) proposes.

Infância, gênero, raça e classe nos romances caribenhos Vasto mar de sargaços e La mulâtresse Solitude / Childhood, Gender, Race and Class in the Caribbean Novels Vasto mar de sargaços and La mulâtresse Solitude

Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo propor uma análise comparativa entre as personagens principais dos romances La mulâtresse Solitude, de André Schwarz-Bart, e Vasto mar de sargaços, de Jean Rhys. O recorte privilegiado neste artigo será o período da infância das duas personagens principais, levando em consideração as temáticas de gênero, raça e classe com a finalidade de comparar o cotidiano e dificuldades de uma criança negra e escravizada com o de uma criança livre e branca. Nossa análise será desenvolvida utilizando referenciais críticos e teóricos dos campos de estudos culturais, literatura e crítica literária, estudos de gênero, história e sociologia. O artigo busca contribuir para a divulgação de obras caribenhas, promovendo uma análise comparativa entre romances do caribe inglês e do caribe francês.Palavras-chave: infância; caribe; raça; classe; gênero.Abstract: This article proposes a comparative analysis between the main characters from the novels La mulâtresse Solitude, by André Schwarz-Bart and Wide Sargasso Sea, by Jean Rhys. The privileged feature in this article will be the childhood period of the two main characters, taking into account the themes of gender, race and class in order to compare the daily life and difficulties of a black and enslaved child with that of a free and white child. Our analysis will be developed using critical and theoretical references from the fields of cultural studies, literature and literary criticism, gender studies, history and sociology. The article seeks to contribute to the dissemination of Caribbean works by promoting a comparative analysis between English and French Caribbean novels.Keywords: childhood; Caribbean; race; class; gender.