Judgments of Moral Responsibility in Tissue Donation Cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Beebe
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Sperm Donor ◽  
Perceived Burden ◽  
Related Individuals ◽  
Unique Ability

If a person requires a tissue donation in order to survive, many philosophers argue that whatever moral responsibility a biological relative may have to donate to the person in need will be grounded at least partially, if not entirely, in the biological relations the potential donor bears to the recipient. Such views tend to ignore the role played by a potential donor’s unique ability to help the person in need and the perceived burden of the donation type in underwriting such judgments. If, for example, a sperm donor is judged to have a significant moral responsibility to donate tissue to a child conceived with his sperm, we argue that such judgments will largely be grounded in the presumed unique ability of the sperm donor to help the child due to the compatibility of his tissues with those of the recipient. In this paper, we report the results of two main studies and three supplementary studies designed to investigate the comparative roles that biological relatedness, unique ability to help, and donation burden play in generating judgments of moral responsibility in tissue donation cases. We found that the primary factor driving individuals’ judgments about the moral responsibility of a potential donor to donate tissue to someone in need was the degree to which a donor was in a unique ability to help. We observed no significant role for biological relatedness as such. Biologically related individuals were deemed to have a significant moral responsibility to donate tissue only when they are one of a small number of people who have a relatively unique capacity to help. We also found that people are less inclined to think individuals have a moral responsibility to donate tissue when the donation is more costly to make. We bring these results into dialogue with contemporary disputes concerning the ethics of tissue donation.

Judgments of moral responsibility in tissue donation cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Beebe
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Sperm Donor ◽  
Biological Relationship ◽  
Related Individuals ◽  
Unique Ability

If a person requires an organ or tissue donation to survive, many philosophers argue that whatever moral responsibility a biological relative may have to donate to the person in need will be grounded at least partially, if not entirely, in biological relations the potential donor bears to the recipient. We contend that such views ignore the role that a potential donor’s unique ability to help the person in need plays in underwriting such judgments. If, for example, a sperm donor is judged to have a significant moral responsibility to donate tissue to a child conceived with his sperm, we think this will not be due to the fact that the donor stands in a close biological relationship to the recipient. Rather, we think such judgments will largely be grounded in the presumed unique ability of the sperm donor to help the child due to the compatibility of his tissues and organs with those of the recipient. In this paper, we report the results of two studies designed to investigate the comparative roles that biological relatedness and unique ability play in generating judgments of moral responsibility in tissue donation cases. We found that biologically related individuals are deemed to have a significant moral responsibility to donate tissue only when they are one of a small number of people who have the capacity to help.

Manipulated Agents

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred R. Mele
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Important Lesson ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Historical Difference

Thought experiments featuring manipulated agents and designed agents have played a significant role in the literature on moral responsibility. What can we learn from thought experiments of this kind about the nature of moral responsibility? That is this book’s primary question. An important lesson lies at the core of its answer: Moral responsibility for actions has a historical dimension of a certain kind. A pair of agents whose current nonhistorical properties are very similar and who perform deeds of the same kind may nevertheless be such that one is morally responsible for the deed whereas the other is not, and what makes the difference is a difference in how they came to be as they are at that time—that is, a historical difference. Imagine that each of these agents attempts to assassinate someone. Depending on the details of the cases, it may be that one of these agents is morally responsible for the attempt whereas the other is not, because one of them was manipulated in a certain way into being in the psychological state that issues in the behavior whereas the other agent came to be in that state under his own steam. A variety of thought experiments are considered. They include stories about agents whose value systems are radically altered by manipulators, vignettes featuring agents who are built from scratch, and scenarios in which agents magically come into being with full psychological profiles.

scholarly journals DOAÇÃO DE ÓRGÃOS E TECIDOS PARA TRANSPLANTES: motivos de não autorização

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Flaviana de Souza Marques ◽  
Maria das Dores Perpétua Barbosa ◽  
Ivete Maria Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Organ And Tissue Donation ◽  
Calidad De Vida ◽  
The Face ◽  
Unrelated Donors

Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Ela objetivou conhecer os motivos que levam o familiar a não autorizar a doação de órgãos. Esses registros foram feitos por uma equipe da Comissão Intra-Hospitalar de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos para Transplantes de um hospital do sul de Santa Catarina. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante um formulário com questões abertas e fechadas e registradas no próprio instrumento. Os sujeitos deste estudo foram os não doadores registrados nos formulários de notificação de potencial doador com coração parado e de morte encefálica, que fazem parte dos registros desta comissão. Os formulários analisados compreendem os anos de janeiro de 2011 até abril de 2013. De acordo com os registros da Comissão, a recusa familiar atingiu 135 casos, além de 21 casos específicos de que o paciente em vida não desejava ser doador. Portanto, a notificação incompleta impediu a classificação da recusa familiar neste estudo. Conhecer os fatores que dificultam a doação de órgãos poderá contribuir na dinâmica da equipe, uma vez que esta poderá atuar de maneira mais efetiva diante das negativas, elevando, desta forma, os índices de transplantes e melhorando a qua-lidade de vida dos indivíduos que estão à espera de um doador.Palavras-chave: Transplante de tecido. Transplante de órgãos. Triagem de doadores. Doadores não re-lacionados. ORGAN AND TISSUE DONATION FOR TRANSPLANTATION:reasons for non-authorizationAbstract: This is a documentary research, of a qualitative and quantitative approach. It aimed to identifythe reasons that lead family members not to allow organ donation. These records were made by an Intra-Hospital Commission on Organ and Tissue Donation for Transplantation team of a hospital in the south of Santa Catarina. The data collection was conducted using a form with open and closed questions and registered on the instrument itself. The subjects of this study were the non-donors registered in the notification forms of potential donor with cardiac arrest and brain death, which are part of the records of this committee. The forms analysed comprise the years from January 2011 to April 2013. According to the records of the Commission, refusal family reached 135 cases, and 21 specific cases that the patient in life didn’t want to be a donor. Therefore, underreporting prevented the classification of family refusal in this study. Knowing the factors that hinder organ donation can contribute to team dynamics, since it can act more effectively in the face of negatives, increasing, thus, the rates of transplantation and improving the quality of life of individuals who are waiting for a donor.Keywords: Tissue transplantation. Organ transplantation. Donor selection. Unrelated donors. DONACIÓN DE ÓRGANOS Y TEJIDOS PARA TRANSPLANTES:motivos de no autorizacionesResumen: Tratase de una investigación documental, de abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo. Esta tiene como objetivo conocer los motivos que llevan al familiar a no autorizar la donación de órganos. Estos registrosfueron hechos por un equipo de la Comisión Intrahospitalaria de Donaciones de Órganos y Tejidos para Trasplantes de un hospital del sur de Santa Catarina. La colecta de datos fue realizada mediante preguntasabiertas, cerradas y registradas en el propio instrumento. Los sujetos de este estudio fueron los no donantes registrados en los formularios de notificación de donante potencial con corazón parado y de muerte encefálica, que hacen parte de los registros de esta comisión. Los formularios analizados comprendenlos años de enero de 2011 hasta abril de 2013. De acuerdo con los registros de la Comisión, la negativa familiar alcanzó el número de 135 casos, además de 21 casos específicos en los que el paciente en vida no deseaba ser donante. Por lo tanto, la notificación incompleta impidió la clasificación de la negativa familiar en este estudio. Conocer los factores que dificultan la donación de órganos podrá contribuir en la dinámica del equipo, una vez que esta podrá actuar de manera más efectiva delante de las negativas, elevando, de esta forma, los índices de trasplantes y mejorando la calidad de vida de los individuos que están a la espera de un donante.Palabras clave: Trasplante Transplante de tejidos. Trasplante Transplante de órganos. Selección de donante. Donante no emparentado93

Libertarianism and the Problem of Clear Cases

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-540
Author(s):  
Jacob Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Clear Cases

New varieties of libertarianism connect not only free will and moral responsibility to indeterminism, but also agency and choice as such. In this paper, the author highlights what seems to be an embarrassment for all libertarian accounts, but especially for the ones just mentioned. The problem is brought out by clear cases of decisions in which there are strong and rather obvious reasons for one of the options and only relatively weak ones in favour of the alternatives. It is hard to insist that there be indeterminism even in such cases. Either it has no significant role to play, which means that libertarianism is in effect largely abandoned, or it has a purely negative role, being linked to some serious and thoroughgoing defect in the agent’s rationality. Thus, a dilemma for libertarians arises, which the author spells out in the text. Furthermore, he argues that some versions of compatibilism face essentially the same difficulty.

scholarly journals AL-KHAIRAAT SEBAGAI LEMBAGA PERJUANGAN BANGSA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Nurinayah Nurinayah
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Educational Development ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Central Sulawesi

The existence of community organizations such as Muhammadiyah in Yogyakarta, and Nahdathul Ulama in East Java, Nahdhatul Wathon in West Nusa Tenggara has a very significant role in making changes for the progress of the nation. These roles can be seen especially in the fields of education and community development. Meanwhile for the Sulawesi region, especially Central Sulawesi, many of these roles were taken over by the Al-Khairaat Institution or College which was founded by Sayyid Idrus bin Salim Al-Jufri or who is familiarly called Guru Tua. The role of Al-Khairaat is especially in the field of educational development. As the Al-Khairaat Islamic Education Institute is a national struggle institution that seeks to form people who believe and have faith in Allah SWT, this institution bears the burden of moral responsibility and ideas for the life and development of Islamic education, for the benefit and improvement of the quality of the ummah.

Resource barriers to the facilitation of organ and tissue donation reported by Australian emergency clinicians

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia H. Marck ◽  
George A. Jelinek ◽  
Sandra L. Neate ◽  
Bernadine M. Dwyer ◽  
Bernadette B. Hickey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Donor Pool ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Organ And Tissue Donation ◽  
Ed Overcrowding ◽  
Related Stress

Objective. To explore emergency department clinicians’ perceived resource barriers to facilitating organ and tissue donation (OTD). Methods. A cross-sectional national online survey of Australian emergency department (ED) clinicians. Results. ED clinicians reported a range of resource barriers that hinder the facilitation of OTD, most notably a lack of time to discuss OTD with a patient’s family (74.6%). Those reporting more resource barriers had been less involved in OTD-related tasks. For example, those reporting a lack of time to assess a patient’s suitability to be a potential donor had less experience with OTD-related tasks in the last calendar year than did those who reported that they often or always have enough time for this (P < 0.01). In addition, ED clinicians working in DonateLife network hospitals were more involved in OTD-related tasks (P < 0.01) and reported fewer resource shortages in the ED and the hospital overall. Conclusions. Resource shortages hinder the facilitation of OTD in the ED and are related to decreased involvement in OTD-related tasks. In addition, ED clinicians working in DonateLife hospitals are more involved in OTD-related tasks and report fewer resource shortages overall. Addressing resource shortages and extending the DonateLife network could benefit OTD rates initiated from the ED. What is known about the topic? Increasing the rate of organ and tissue donation (OTD) has become progressively more urgent as waiting lists for organs and tissues are growing globally. Recently a missed potential donor pool was recognised in emergency departments (EDs) and the Organ and Tissue Authority implemented a ‘clinical trigger’ tool to aid with the identification of potential donors in EDs. However, many Australian studies have reported worsening ED overcrowding and resource shortages in recent years with an adverse effect on patient care and satisfaction as well as on ED clinicians’ work-related stress and satisfaction. International literature has identified that certain resource barriers hinder the facilitation of organ and tissue in EDs. However, there is currently no literature available on how resource barriers in Australian EDs affect the facilitation of OTD. What does this paper add? Our study shows that Australian ED clinicians perceive a range of resource barriers that hinder the facilitation of OTD, most notably a lack of time to discuss OTD with a patient’s family or to identify potential donors. We also found that those reporting more resource barriers had been less involved in OTD-related tasks in the last calendar year. In addition, those that work in hospitals that are part of the DonateLife network, and thus have dedicated staff available for OTD-related tasks, were more involved in OTD-related tasks and reported fewer resource shortages in the ED and the hospital overall. What are the implications for practitioners? To maximize the number of potential donors recognised and referred from the ED, it may be important to decrease the resource barriers identified in this study. Notably, the presence of specialist OTD staff, a function of being part of a DonateLife network hospital, may result in a decreased perception of resource barriers in the ED and more engagement with OTD-related tasks by ED clinicians.

A Continuous Quality Improvement Process to Increase Organ and Tissue Donation

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W Burris ◽  
Arlene J Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Continuous Quality Improvement ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Tissue Donors ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Organ Procurement Organization ◽  
Quality Improvement Process ◽  
Continuous Quality ◽  
Improvement Process

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 mandated that hospitals must identify potential organ and tissue donors, notify an organ procurement organization of the potential donor, and inform family members regarding the opportunity to donate organs and tissues. Although the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requires that hospitals comply with this statute, no standard for documenting compliance exists. A continuous quality improvement process was developed at one institution to define a policy, educate staff, and document and monitor compliance. The number of referrals to the organ procurement organization and the number of organ and tissue donors were found to increase. These observations suggest that implementation of a continuous quality improvement process that ensures compliance with organ procurement regulations might increase the number of organ and tissue donors.

scholarly journals Potential Donor Families' Experiences of Organ and Tissue Donation–related Communication, Processes and Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Marck ◽  
S. L. Neate ◽  
M. Skinner ◽  
B. Dwyer ◽  
B. B. Hickey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Organ And Tissue Donation ◽  
Communication Processes

scholarly journals In-house coordination project for organ and tissue procurement: social responsibility and promising results

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva e Silva ◽  
Luciana Carvalho Moura ◽  
Luciana Ribeiro Martins ◽  
Roberta Cristina Cardoso dos Santos ◽  
Janine Schirmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tissue Procurement ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Nonparametric Statistical ◽  
Student’S T Test

Abstract Objectives: to report the results of evaluation regarding changes in the number of potential donor referrals, actual donors, and conversion rates after the implementation of an in-house organ and tissue donation for transplantation coordination project. Methods: epidemiological study, both retrospective and transversal, was performed with organ donation data from the Secretariat of Health for the State and the in-house organ donation coordination project of a beneficent hospital. The data was compared using nonparametric statistical Mann-Whitney test, and the Student's t-test, considering a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). Results: there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), before and after the implementation of the project on the number of potential donor notification/month (3.05 - 4.7 ), number of actual donor/month (0.78 to 1.60) and rate of conversion ( 24.7 to 34.8 %). The hospitals 1, 2, 7 and 8 had significant results in potential donor, actual donor or conversion rate. Conclusion: the presence of an in-house coordinator is promising and beneficial, the specialist is important to change the indicators of efficiency, which consequently reduces the waiting lists for organ transplants.

Judgments of moral responsibility in tissue donation cases

Bioethics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
John Beverley ◽  
James Beebe
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Tissue Donation
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