scholarly journals Predicting responsibility judgments from dispositional inferences and causal attributions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia F Langenhoff ◽  
Alex Wiegmann ◽  
Joseph Y Halpern ◽  
josh tenenbaum ◽  
Tobias Gerstenberg
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Complex Group ◽  
Moral Domain ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Achievement Contexts

How do people hold others responsible for their actions? In this paper, we test and extend a computational framework originally introduced by Gerstenberg et al. (2018) that assigns responsibility as a function of two factors: a dispositional inference that captures what we learn about a person's character from their action, and the causal role that the person's action played in bringing about the outcome. This framework has been shown to accurately capture how people assign responsibility to decision-makers in achievement contexts. Here, we focus on a more complex group setting in which political committee members vote on whether or not a policy should be passed. This setting allowed us to manipulate both dispositional inferences and causal attributions in graded ways, as well as directly test the model's key components by asking participants to judge how surprising and how important a committee member's vote was. Participants' answers to these questions in Experiment 1 accurately predicted the responsibility judgments of another group of participants in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, we show that the model also predicts moral responsibility judgments and that, in the moral domain, dispositional inferences affect responsibility judgments more strongly than causal attributions.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Evan Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Agent Causation ◽  
The Right

This chapter lays out the book’s central question: Assuming agency reductionism—that is, the thesis that the causal role of the agent in all agential activities is reducible to the causal role of states and events involving the agent—is it possible to construct a defensible model of libertarianism? It is explained that most think the answer is negative and this is because they think libertarians must embrace some form of agent-causation in order to address the problems of luck and enhanced control. The thesis of the book is that these philosophers are mistaken: it is possible to construct a libertarian model of free will and moral responsibility within an agency reductionist framework that silences that central objections to libertarianism by simply taking the best compatibilist model of freedom and adding indeterminism in the right junctures of human agency. A brief summary of the chapters to follow is given.

Rethinking Conflict and Collective Memory: The Case of Nanking

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
History And Memory ◽  
Place Naming

This article examines the politics of collective memory and attribution theory by studying expert and popular beliefs in Japan about the 1937–1938 Nanking Massacre. Memory, when conceived as a product of political conflict, assumes pluralistic and centralized forms. Multiple memories emerge out of a context of cross-cutting interests, coalitions, power networks, and enterprises, as seen in the fate of artistic and presidential reputations, Holocaust commemoration, place-naming, monument-making, and the organization of museums. After discussing the assumptions underlying the politics of memory and attribution theory, the article considers two theories in light of the Nanking debates: the first relates history and memory to power struggles, whereas the second subsumes these struggles under conflicting causal attributions. It also looks at three carrier groups that participate in the Nanking memory war, and particularly in debates over Japan’s moral responsibility for crimes committed in Nanking: maximalists, revisionists, and centrists.

Explanations for Successful and Unsuccessful Marketing Decisions: The Decision Maker's Perspective

1992 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary T. Curren ◽  
Valerie S. Folkes ◽  
Joel H. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Simulation Game ◽  
Research Setting ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Marketing Decision ◽  
Marketing Planning ◽  
Attributional Processes

The authors investigate the attributional processes involved in marketing planning. Using MARKSTRAT, a marketing simulation game, as a research setting, they find that decision makers are likely to have self-serving biases in their causal attributions for performance. The attributions are related to marketing decision makers’ intrinsic incentives to succeed, expectations of future performance, and planning behavior.

Personality Attributions Based on Speech Samples of Children with Repaired Cleft Palates

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh A. Berry ◽  
Peter D. Witt ◽  
Jeffery L. Marsh ◽  
Thomas K. Pilgram ◽  
Rebecca A. Eder
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Caucasian Students ◽  
Big Five Personality Factors

Objective: This study examined whether or not assumptions made about personality characteristics based on speech samples differed for children with repaired cleft palates (CP) versus unaffected children. Design: Audiotapes of speech samples were presented in random order to blind raters. Patients/Participants: The subjects were 20 children (10 females, 10 males) with repaired CP and 16 control (i.e., unaffected) children (8 females, 8 males). All children were 8 to 12 years of age, Caucasian, living in the St. Louis area, and lower-middle to upper-middle class. The raters were 20 (13 females, 7 males) 6th grade Caucasian students who attend a private school in the area. Setting: Raters heard tapes in a group setting, but with individual headphones, in their school's cafeteria. Main Outcome Measure: Each speech sample was rated (7-point Likert scale) by each student rater on a variety of personality characteristics based on the “Big Five” personality factors. Results: A factor analysis of the items revealed a two-factor solution, although the factors were highly negatively correlated. No significant differences were found between ratings for the CP sample and the control sample for either factor scale (ANOVA, p = .93; p = .67). Similarly, when the two factors were combined to form a single factor, no significant differences were found between the ratings for the CP sample and the control sample (ANOVA, p = .79). Conclusions: Overall, it does not appear that children differentially associated personality characteristics based on speech to children with repaired CP versus unaffected children, in the absence of visual input.

Exploring consumer doubt towards local new products innovation and purchase intention

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Afzali ◽  
Elsadig Musa Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Aesthetic Design ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a scale to find the relationship between consumer doubt, skepticism, familiarity, information seeking, value for money and aesthetic design with customers’ purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach – This study focussed on students of Malaysian university of multimedia in Melaka campus and used questionnaires to obtain the relevant data. Convenience random sampling method is used whereby 200 questionnaires were distributed among the target population and exactly 200 completed answers were collected. Findings – The survey results show that aesthetic design and information seeking of a product has a positive significant relationship with customers’ purchase intention. Respondents reported a consideration on these two factors and it is revealed that the scale used in this study is reliable and valid kind of measurement to assess customers’ purchase intention. Practical implications – To minimize the innovating failure among launched new innovative products, managers and decision makers should focus on variables used in this study. By focussing on aesthetic design and information seeking they can overcome some of the problems cause failure. Originality/value – This research focus on customers’ purchase intention to buy a Malaysian-made innovative new product and their lack of confidence and trust if the product satisfy their needs. The scale in this study show that this research is valid and it gives new perception toward purchase intention and innovation.

scholarly journals THEORIES ON COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION SCALES TRIANGLE AND NORMALIZATION OF DIFFERENT VARIABLES: A NEW MODEL IN DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-295
Author(s):  
Saeed Alitaneh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Multiple Criteria ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Qualitative Variables ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Maximum Reliability

This paper is an attempt to solve various problems by the two factors of mean and standard deviation (SD) of variables, introducing coefficient of variation (CV) of data as the best option for prioritization, scaling, pairwise comparison and normalization of quantitative and qualitative variables. An algorithm was built based on a coefficient of variation scales triangle (CVST) consisting of natural numbers with coefficients of binomial expansion for each line, followed by new and independent grading and scaling. In view of the existing factors, the theory provides higher generalization and maximum reliability rates in comparison to other methods for multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). On the other hand, in the normalization process of different variables (i.e. de-scalarization), a precise and infinite model was presented based on coefficient of variation scale triangle (multipurpose triangle), in such a way that decision makers could work with the software in a more convenient and precise manner. Therefore, the proposed theories may be considered as a new approach and definition in the valuation and progress of MCDA.

A Minimal Libertarianism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Evan Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Human Action ◽  
The Self ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Freedom And Responsibility

In this book Franklin develops and defends a version of event-causal libertarianism about free will and moral responsibility. This view is a combination of libertarianism—the view that humans sometimes act freely and that those actions are the upshots of nondeterministic causal processes—and agency reductionism—the view that the causal role of agents in exercises of free will is exhausted by the causal role of mental states and events (e.g., desires and beliefs) involving the agents. Many philosophers contend that event-causal libertarians have no advantage over compatibilists when it comes to securing a distinctively valuable and robust kind of freedom and responsibility. But Franklin argues that this is mistaken. Assuming agency reductionism is true, event-causal libertarians need only adopt the most plausible compatibilist theory and add indeterminism at the proper juncture in the genesis of human action. The result is minimal event-causal libertarianism: a model of free will with the metaphysical simplicity of compatibilism and the intuitive power of libertarianism. And yet a worry remains. Toward the end of the book, Franklin reconsiders his assumption of agency reductionism, arguing that this picture faces a hitherto unsolved problem. This problem, however, has nothing to do with indeterminism or determinism, or even libertarianism or compatibilism, but with how to understand the nature of the self and its role in the genesis of action. If this problem proves unsolvable, then not only is event-causal libertarianism untenable, so also is event-causal compatibilism.

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