The Complex Functions of the NME Family—A Matter of Location and Molecular Activity

The family of NME proteins represents a quite complex group of multifunctional enzymes [...]

Mitochondrial Medicine in the COVID-19 Era

Mitochondrial disorders are a remarkably complex group of diseases caused by impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (or electron transport chain) [...]

Recording Persicaria maculosa and P. lapathifolia (Polygonaceae)

Persicaria maculosa Gray (Redshank) is a distinct species which can be distinguished from all forms of P. lapathifolia (L.) Delarbe (Pale Persicaria) based on the outer tepal veins. The recording and identification of these two taxa can be clouded by colour variation (especially in the latter species) and due to varied treatments in different works or Floras. This article describes ways to separate the two species and gives details of the various treatments in order for others to decide which taxonomic work should be followed. It suggests that there is a greater need for further morphological and or molecular studies for this complex group in order to form a consensus. Hybrids may occur but none have been confirmed by scientific methods. It may be that most of these taxa (especially in P. lapathifolia s.l.) are recognizable as forms or varieties, and this is also suggested (informally at present) by the author below, until further work clarifies the situation.

Differences in sex development

Disorders of sexual development are a complex group of conditions with anomalies of the internal and external genitalia due to abnormal chromosomal and hormonal influences during development. Diagnosis and management, including timing of intervention, and both long-term cosmetic and functional outcomes are discussed in this chapter.