scholarly journals The origins of the shape bias: Evidence from the Tsimane'

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Jara-Ettinger ◽  
Roger Philip Levy ◽  
Jeanette Sakel ◽  
Tomas Huanca ◽  
Edward Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
The Novel ◽  
New Words ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Shape Bias ◽  
Bolivian Amazon ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Children

In the US, children often generalize the meaning of new words by assuming that objects with the same shape have the same name. We propose that this shape bias is influenced by children’s exposure to objects of different categories (artifacts and natural kinds), and language to talk about them. We present a cross-cultural study between English speakers in the US and Tsimane’ speakers in the Bolivian Amazon. We found that US children and adults were more likely to generalize novel labels by shape rather than by material or color, relative to Tsimane’ participants. Critically, Tsimane’ children and adults systematically avoided generalizing labels to objects that shared no common features with the novel referent. Our results provide initial evidence that the relative exposure to objects of different kinds and language to talk about them can lead to cross-cultural differences on object name learning.

scholarly journals Actual and Perceived Motor Competence Levels of Belgian and United States Preschool Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (s2) ◽  
pp. S320-S336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Brian ◽  
Farid Bardid ◽  
Lisa M. Barnett ◽  
Frederik J.A. Deconinck ◽  
Matthieu Lenoir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Motor Competence ◽  
Actual Object ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Children

Purpose: The present study examined the motor competence of preschool children from Belgium and the United States (US), and the influence of perceived motor competence on actual motor competence. A secondary objective was to compare the levels of motor competence of Belgian and US children using the US norms of the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2). Methods: All participants (N = 326; ages 4–5 years) completed the TGMD-2 and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children. Results: Belgian children performed significantly higher on actual object control and locomotor skills than US children. However, both Belgian and US children scored significantly worse on the TGMD-2 when compared to the US norm group from 1997–1998. Furthermore, perceived motor competence was significantly related to actual object control skills but not locomotor skills. Conclusion: The present study showed cross-cultural differences in actual motor competence in young children. The findings also indicate a secular downward trend in childhood competence levels, possibly due to a decrease in physical activity and increase in sedentary behavior. Future research should consider conducting an in-depth exploration of physical activity contexts such as physical education to better understand cross-cultural differences in motor competence.

Exploring cross-cultural variations in the development of executive function for preschoolers from low and high socioeconomic families

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara A. Schmitt ◽  
Irem Korucu ◽  
David J. Purpura ◽  
Shawn Whiteman ◽  
Chenyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Chinese Sample ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Preschool Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Children

This study investigated cross-cultural variation in the development of executive functioning (EF) across the preschool period for United States and Chinese children from low and high socioeconomic families using a longitudinal design. Participants included 216 preschool children ( n = 125 from the US; n = 91 from Shanghai and Jiangxi, China). On average, children were approximately 4 years old. In the US sample, 56% were female, and in the Chinese sample, 54% were female. Results from multi-level models varied slightly with regard to specific EF domains, but generally indicated that Chinese children experienced greater gains in EF during the preschool period compared to US children. Cross-cultural differences in EF growth did not vary by socioeconomic status. These findings highlight cultural variability in the development of EF and provide a foundation for additional research exploring factors that may help explain differential growth in EF for Chinese children compared to US children during the preschool period.

Gender and National Differences in Attitudes toward Same-Gender Touch

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1027-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank N. Willis ◽  
Vicki A. Rawdon
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Same Gender

Women have been reported to be more positive about same-gender touch, but cross-cultural information about this touch is limited. Male and female students from Chile (n = 26), Spain (n = 61), Malaysia (n = 32), and the US (n = 77) completed a same-gender touch scale. As in past studies, US women had more positive scores than US men. Malaysians had more negative scores than the other three groups. Spanish and US students had more positive scores than Chilean students. National differences in attitudes toward particular types of touch were also noted. The need for new methods for examining cross-cultural differences in touch was discussed.

Using a cultural and social identity lens to understand pandemic responses in the US and India

2021 ◽  
pp. 147059582110573
Author(s):  
Nisha Nair ◽  
Patturaja Selvaraj
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Migrant Labor ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us

The world over, countries have been racing to control the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Central to the mitigation of the virus spread is the ability of nations to ensure behavior of its people adheres to the constraints imposed in the wake of the pandemic. However, there has been much variation in how individuals and collectives have responded in conformance to expected behavioral changes necessitated by the pandemic. The paper offers a cross-cultural and social identity perspective based on group categorizations to understand the variation in pandemic responses in the context of two different countries, that of India and the United States. Relevant cultural dimensions of difference shaping behavior such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, and other cultural norms shaping divergent behavioral responses in the US and India are examined. Differing group categorizations relevant for each country are also explored to understand the dynamics of behavioral response, be it adherence to mask wearing and following norms of social distancing, or the migrant labor exodus in India from urban to rural areas amidst the first wave of the pandemic. Implications for managing behavioral responses considering cross-cultural differences and group categorization processes are also discussed.

scholarly journals Cross Cultural Conflicts in Not Without my Daughter

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Setyoningsih Setyoningsih
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Intercultural Sensitivity ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Cultural Conflict ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

This study aims to identify and analyze the cultural conflicts between the main characters in the novel Not Without my Daughter (NW). The analysis was carried out through the following process. The first procedure related to problems of classification i.e. cross cultural conflicts. The next phase of data analysis related to the colletion data of cross cultural conflicts in NW. The last phase is presentation the result of the analysis that had been conducted in this research. Having analyzed the data, the researcher concludes  that cultural conflicts occured in NW because of  stereotype, prejudice, and ethnocentrism. Cultural conflicts can be prevented if we increase our awareness of our own attitudes and learn to be sensitive to cross-cultural differences. However, if we develop intercultural sensitivity, it does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities-but rather that we recognize cultural influences within ourselves and within others.Keywords: Culture; Cross-Cultural Conflict; Culture Understanding

scholarly journals Lying Without Saying Something False? A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Folk Concept of Lying in Russian and English Speakers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa M. Reins ◽  
Alex Wiegmann ◽  
Olga P. Marchenko ◽  
Irina Schumski
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Folk Concept ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
False Claim

AbstractThe present study examines cross-cultural differences in people’s concept of lying with regard to the question of whether lying requires an agent to say something they believe to be false. While prominent philosophical views maintain that lying entails that a person explicitly expresses a believed-false claim, recent research suggests that people’s concept of lying might also include certain kinds of deception that are communicated more indirectly. An important drawback of previous empirical work on this topic is that only few studies have investigated people’s concept of lying in non-Western samples. In the present study, we compare people’s intuitions about lying with indirect deceptions (i.e., presuppositions, conversational implicatures, and non-verbal actions) in a sample of N = 255 participants from Russia and N = 300 participants from the United Kingdom. Our findings show a strong degree of similarity between lie ratings of participants from Russia and the United Kingdom, with both samples holding it possible for agents to lie with deceptive statements and actions that do not involve the agent saying something they believe to be false.

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