Using a cultural and social identity lens to understand pandemic responses in the US and India

2021 ◽  
pp. 147059582110573
Author(s):  
Nisha Nair ◽  
Patturaja Selvaraj
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Migrant Labor ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us

The world over, countries have been racing to control the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Central to the mitigation of the virus spread is the ability of nations to ensure behavior of its people adheres to the constraints imposed in the wake of the pandemic. However, there has been much variation in how individuals and collectives have responded in conformance to expected behavioral changes necessitated by the pandemic. The paper offers a cross-cultural and social identity perspective based on group categorizations to understand the variation in pandemic responses in the context of two different countries, that of India and the United States. Relevant cultural dimensions of difference shaping behavior such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, and other cultural norms shaping divergent behavioral responses in the US and India are examined. Differing group categorizations relevant for each country are also explored to understand the dynamics of behavioral response, be it adherence to mask wearing and following norms of social distancing, or the migrant labor exodus in India from urban to rural areas amidst the first wave of the pandemic. Implications for managing behavioral responses considering cross-cultural differences and group categorization processes are also discussed.

Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Participation at Home, at School, and in the Community of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder in the US and Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 7512505162p1-7512505162p1
Author(s):  
Chiao-Ju Fang ◽  
Deborah Yun ◽  
Melissa M. Wong ◽  
Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Susan Pfeffer
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
The Us

Abstract Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. The aim of this study was to explore cross-cultural differences in the participation levels of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in different settings (home, school, and the community). The findings indicated that children with ASD in the United States tend to have more resources and support than those in Taiwan. This study will enable OTs and researchers to better understand the differences between Western and Eastern countries. Primary Author and Speaker: Chiao-Ju Fang Additional Authors and Speakers: Deborah Yun, Melissa M. Wong Contributing Authors: Thanh Nguyen, Susan Pfeffer

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Differences in Temperament Between the United States and the People’s Republic of China: A Longitudinal Comparison

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Victoria Jones ◽  
Zhengyan Wang ◽  
Shangqing Yuan ◽  
Christie Pham ◽  
Samuel P. Putnam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us

Aims: The present study assessed cross-cultural differences in temperament and temperament stability between children from the United States (US) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Goals of the study include examining differences in three temperament factors (surgency, negative affectivity, and regulation/effortful control), conducting comparisons on fine-grained dimensions of factors demonstrating significant cross-cultural differences, and comparing temperament stability from infancy to toddlerhood. Methodology: The US sample (N = 147) and PRC sample (N = 128) consisted of children whose temperament was longitudinally assessed in infancy and toddlerhood using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (IBQ-R SF) and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire Short Form (ECBQ SF). Primary analyses involved evaluating mean differences in the three temperament factors: surgency, negative affectivity, and regulation/effortful control, with additional statistical tests conducted to investigate fine-grained distinctions. Results: Findings revealed main effects of culture for each factor with culture x time interactions indicating negative affectivity significantly differed in toddlerhood, t(273) = -8.27, P < .001, d = 1.00, 98.75% CI [-0.70, -0.37], and regulation in infancy, t(273) = -5.17, P < .001, d = 0.62, 98.75% CI [-0.62, -0.22]. Specifically, the US sample exhibited higher surgency at both time points, lower negative affectivity in toddlerhood, and lower regulation in infancy. In addition, little difference was noted in temperament stability between the US and Chinese samples. Conclusion: Our findings support previous reports identifying cultural differences in temperament and highlight that differences are not constant across early childhood, but rather that as development unfolds, their nature is subject to change.

Gender and National Differences in Attitudes toward Same-Gender Touch

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1027-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank N. Willis ◽  
Vicki A. Rawdon
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Same Gender

Women have been reported to be more positive about same-gender touch, but cross-cultural information about this touch is limited. Male and female students from Chile (n = 26), Spain (n = 61), Malaysia (n = 32), and the US (n = 77) completed a same-gender touch scale. As in past studies, US women had more positive scores than US men. Malaysians had more negative scores than the other three groups. Spanish and US students had more positive scores than Chilean students. National differences in attitudes toward particular types of touch were also noted. The need for new methods for examining cross-cultural differences in touch was discussed.

Why Do Easterners Have Lower Well-Being Than Westerners? The Role of Others’ Approval Contingencies of Self-Worth in the Cross-Cultural Differences in Subjective Well-Being

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hong Liu ◽  
Yi-Hsing Claire Chiu ◽  
Jen-Ho Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
The Cross

Previous studies have shown that Easterners generally perceive themselves as having lower subjective well-being compared with Westerners, and several mechanisms causing such differences have been identified. However, few studies have analyzed the causes of such differences from the perspective of the cross-cultural differences in the meanings of important life events such as whether people receive approval from others. Specifically, events regarding others’ approval might have different meanings to and influences on Easterners and Westerners. Thus, the degree of fluctuation of people’s views of self-worth in response to these events (i.e., others’ approval contingencies of self-worth [CSW]) probably differs between Easterners and Westerners. This may be a reason for cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. We investigated two samples of undergraduate students from Taiwan and the United States to examine the mediating role of others’ approval CSW in forming cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. The results revealed that Taiwanese participants exhibited lower subjective well-being and higher others’ approval CSW than American participants. In addition, others’ approval CSW partially mediated the cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. Thus, one reason for lower subjective well-being among Easterners was likely that their self-esteem was more prone to larger fluctuations depending on whether they receive approval from others in everyday life.

Lost in Misconceptions about Social Identity Theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1189-1191
Author(s):  
Deborah Welch Larson ◽  
Alexei Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Competition ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
Zero Sum

Abstract Dissatisfied with their relative standing in the world, China and Russia are challenging the US-dominated liberal order. Could US accommodation of their status concerns reduce conflict? The psychological rationale for status accommodation is rooted in the insights of social identity theory (SIT), which argues that persistent status denial leads lower-status groups to “lash out.” Steven Ward (2017) objects that political scientists have misinterpreted SIT. In his view, impermeable group boundaries only affect individuals and do not lead to intergroup conflict. Ward's narrow critique overlooks the larger meaning and significance of SIT, which is about how frustration and anger over status barriers and unfair treatment motivate lower-status groups to challenge the status quo. Social competition is positional and zero-sum. Given the insights of SIT, Ward's recommendation that the United States demonstrate to China and Russia the futility of status competition is likely to provoke a backlash and increase the risk of military conflict. Instead, SIT implies a continuing process of status accommodation and efforts to maintain the legitimacy and stability of US leadership.

scholarly journals Strong Brand From Consumers’ Perspective: A Cross-Cultural Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchen Li ◽  
Dongmei Li ◽  
Chi-Yue Chiu ◽  
Siqing Peng
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Brand Strength ◽  
Strength Evaluation ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Using Data

The present research investigates cross-cultural differences in the characteristics associated with brand strength evaluation and the mechanism underlying these cultural differences. Using data from the United States and China, we found that American consumers judge brands with personal characteristics to be stronger than those with relational characteristics, while Chinese consumers show a reversed pattern. Furthermore, cultural differences in brand strength evaluation were salient only when consumers rated brands that were connected with their self-concepts, suggesting that cultural differences in brand strength evaluation ensue from consumers’ internalized preferences. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications for branding management and understanding the mechanism through which culture influences individual behaviors.

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