scholarly journals Potsdam Eye-Movement Corpus for Scene Memorization and Search with Color and Spatial-Frequency Filtering

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Cajar ◽  
Ralf Engbert ◽  
Jochen Laubrock
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Scene Viewing ◽  
Fixation Locations

The availability of large eye-movement corpora has become increasingly important over the past years. In scene viewing, scan-path analyses of time-ordered fixations, for example, allow for investigating individual differences in spatial correlations between fixation locations, or for predicting individual viewing behavior in the context of computational models. However, time-dependent analyses require many fixations per scene, and only few large eye-movement corpora are publicly available. This manuscript presents a new corpus with eye-movement data from two hundred participants. Viewers memorized or searched either color or grayscale scenes while high or low spatial frequencies were filtered in central or peripheral vision. Our database provides the scenes from the experiment with corresponding object annotations, preprocessed eye-movement data, and heatmaps and fixation clusters based on empirical fixation locations. Besides time-dependent analyses, the corpus data allow for investigating questions that have received little attention in scene-viewing research so far: (i) eye-movement behavior under different task instructions, (ii) the importance of color and spatial frequencies when performing these tasks, and (iii) the individual roles and interaction of central and peripheral vision during scene viewing. Furthermore, the corpus allows for validation of computational models of attention and eye-movement control, and finally, analyses on an object- or cluster-based level.

scholarly journals WALD-EM: Wald Accumulation for Locations and Durations of Eye Movements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šimon Kucharský ◽  
Daan Roelof van Renswoude ◽  
Maartje Eusebia Josefa Raijmakers ◽  
Ingmar Visser
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Describing, analyzing and explaining patterns in eye movement behavior is crucial for understanding visual perception. Further, eye movements are increasingly used in informing cognitive process models. In this article, we start by reviewing basic characteristics and desiderata for models of eye movements. Specifically, we argue that there is a need for models combining spatial and temporal aspects of eye-tracking data (i.e., fixation durations and fixation locations), that formal models derived from concrete theoretical assumptions are needed to inform our empirical research, and custom statistical models are useful for detecting specific empirical phenomena that are to be explained by said theory. In this article, we develop a conceptual model of eye movements, or specifically, fixation durations and fixation locations, and from it derive a formal statistical model --- meeting our goal of crafting a model useful in both the theoretical and empirical research cycle. We demonstrate the use of the model on an example of infant natural scene viewing, to show that the model is able to explain different features of the eye movement data, and to showcase how to identify that the model needs to be adapted if it does not agree with the data. We conclude with discussion of potential future avenues for formal eye movement models.

scholarly journals Methodologies for comparing complex computational models of eye-movement control in reading: Just fitting the data is not enough

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-500
Author(s):  
Ronan Reilly ◽  
Ralph Radach
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control

As the number of computational models of eye-movement control in reading increases, so too will their coverage and complexity. This will make their comparison and testing increasingly challenging. We argue here that there is a need to develop a methodology for constructing and evaluating such models, and outline aspects of a possible methodology.

Curious eyes: Individual differences in personality predict eye movement behavior in scene-viewing

Cognition ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan F. Risko ◽  
Nicola C. Anderson ◽  
Sophie Lanthier ◽  
Alan Kingstone
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Scene Viewing

scholarly journals The rhythm of cognition – Effects of an auditory beat on oculomotor control in reading and sequential scanning

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke B. Lange ◽  
Aleksandra Pieczykolan ◽  
Hans A. Trukenbrod ◽  
Lynn Huestegge
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Background Music ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Musical Tempo ◽  
Sequential Scanning

Eye-movement behavior is inherently rhythmic. Even without cognitive input, the eyes never rest, as saccades are generated 3 to 4 times per second. Based on an embodied view of cognition, we asked whether mental processing in visual cognitive tasks is also rhythmic in nature by studying the effects of an external auditory beat (rhythmic background music) on saccade generation in exemplary cognitive tasks (reading and sequential scanning). While in applied settings background music has been demonstrated to impair reading comprehension, the effect of musical tempo on eye-movement control during reading or scanning has not been investigated so far. We implemented a tempo manipulation in four steps as well as a silent baseline condition, while participants completed a text reading or a sequential scanning task that differed from each other in terms of underlying cognitive processing requirements. The results revealed that increased tempo of the musical beat sped up fixations in text reading, while the presence (vs. absence) of the auditory stimulus generally reduced overall reading time. In contrast, sequential scanning was unaffected by the auditory pacemaker. These results were supported by additionally applying Bayesian inference statistics. Our study provides evidence against a cognitive load account (i.e., that spare resources during low-demand sequential scanning allow for enhanced processing of the external beat). Instead, the data suggest an interpretation in favor of a modulation of the oculomotor saccade timer by irrelevant background music in cases involving highly automatized oculomotor control routines (here: in text reading).

Objects are Prioritized for Attention Based Upon Meaning During Active Scene Viewing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Elise Peacock ◽  
Elizabeth Hall ◽  
John M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Real World ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Scene Viewing

Although the physical salience of objects has previously been demonstrated to guide attention in real-world scene perception, it is unknown whether objects are also prioritized based on their meaning. To answer this question, we computed the average meaning and the average physical salience of objects in scenes. Using eye movement data from aesthetic judgment and memorization tasks, we then tested whether fixations are more likely to land on high-meaning objects than low-meaning objects while controlling for object salience. The results demonstrated that fixations are more likely to be directed to high meaning objects than low meaning objects regardless of object salience. Furthermore, the influence of object salience was progressively reduced as object meaning increased and was eliminated at the highest levels of meaning. Overall, these findings provide the first evidence that objects are prioritized by meaning for attentional selection during active scene viewing.

scholarly journals New Perspectives on Serialism and Parallelism in Oculomotor Control During Reading: The Multi-Constituent Unit Hypothesis

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanli Zang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Ambiguous Word ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Good Account ◽  
Proposed Model

Currently there are several computational models of eye movement control that provide a good account of oculomotor behavior during reading of English and other alphabetic languages. I will provide an overview of two dominant models: E-Z Reader and SWIFT, as well as a recently proposed model: OB1-Reader. I will evaluate a critical issue of controversy among models, namely, whether words are lexically processed serially or in parallel. I will then consider reading in Chinese, a character-based, unspaced language with ambiguous word boundaries. Finally, I will evaluate the concepts of serialism and parallelism of process central to these models, and how these models might function in relation to lexical processing that is operationalized over parafoveal multi-constituent units.

Attention, saccade programming, and the timing of eye-movement control

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Radach ◽  
Heiner Deubel ◽  
Dieter Heller
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Saccade Programming ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Sequential Modeling ◽  
Temporal Overlap

E-Z Reader achieves an impressive fit of empirical eye movement data by simulating core processes of reading in a computational approach that includes serial word processing, shifts of attention, and temporal overlap in the programming of saccades. However, when common assumptions for the time requirements of these processes are taken into account, severe constraints on the time line within which these elements can be combined become obvious. We argue that it appears difficult to accommodate these processes within a largely sequential modeling framework such as E-Z Reader.

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