scholarly journals Boring Thoughts and Bored Minds: The MAC Model of Boredom and Cognitive Engagement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Corwin Westgate
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cognitive Engagement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
New Model ◽  
Attentional Deficits ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Mental Resources

What is boredom? We review environmental, attentional, and functional theories and present a new model that describes boredom as an affective indicator of unsuccessful attentional engagement in valued goal-congruent activity. According to the Meaning and Attentional Components (MAC) model, boredom is the result of (a) an attentional component, namely mismatches between cognitive demands and available mental resources, and (b) a meaning component, namely mismatches between activities and valued goals (or the absence of valued goals altogether). We present empirical support for four novel predictions made by the model: (1) Deficits in attention and meaning each produce boredom independently of the other; (2) there are different profiles of boredom that result from specific deficits in attention and meaning; (3) boredom results from two types of attentional deficits, understimulation and overstimulation; and (4) the model explains not only when and why people become bored with external activities, but also when and why people become bored with their own thoughts. We discuss further implications of the model, such as when boredom motivates people to seek interesting versus enjoyable activities.

scholarly journals Boring Thoughts and Bored Minds: The MAC Model of Boredom and Cognitive Engagement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Corwin Westgate
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cognitive Engagement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
New Model ◽  
Attentional Deficits ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Mental Resources

What is boredom? We review environmental, attentional, and functional theories and present a new model that describes boredom as an affective indicator of unsuccessful attentional engagement in valued goal-congruent activity. According to the Meaning and Attentional Components (MAC) model, boredom is the result of (a) an attentional component, namely mismatches between cognitive demands and available mental resources, and (b) a meaning component, namely mismatches between activities and valued goals (or the absence of valued goals altogether). We present empirical support for four novel predictions made by the model: (1) Deficits in attention and meaning each produce boredom independently of the other; (2) there are different profiles of boredom that result from specific deficits in attention and meaning; (3) boredom results from two types of attentional deficits, understimulation and overstimulation; and (4) the model explains not only when and why people become bored with external activities, but also when and why people become bored with their own thoughts. We discuss further implications of the model, such as when boredom motivates people to seek interesting versus enjoyable activities.

scholarly journals Why Boredom is Interesting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Corwin Westgate
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Mental Resources

What is boredom? According to the Meaning and Attentional Components (MAC) model investigated here, boredom signals a lack of meaningful attentional engagement and is the result of (a) an attentional component, composed of mismatches between cognitive demands and available mental resources and (b) a meaning component, composed of mismatches between activities and valued goals (or the absence of valued goals altogether). The MAC model generates a number of novel predictions, including that multiple types of boredom exist and motivate action according to their underlying attentional and meaning causes. Experimentally inducing meaning and attentional failure each separately lead to boredom (Study 1), and both over- and understimulation can lead to attentional failure that results in boredom (Study 2). Finally, different types of boredom lead to differing downstream consequences for people’s subsequent preferences for interesting versus enjoyable activities (Study 3). Much like pain, boredom provides unpleasant but important feedback about our lives, telling us whether we want and are able to focus on what we are doing.

Do Investors' Perceptions Vary with Types of Nonaudit Fees? Evidence from Auditor Ratification Voting

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suchismita Mishra ◽  
K. Raghunandan ◽  
Dasaratha V. Rama
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Audit Committees ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Nonaudit Services ◽  
Recent Initiative

In FRR No. 68, the SEC (2003b) updated the rules related to the disclosure of fees paid to the independent auditor by requiring more detailed information about nonaudit fees. The SEC (2002, 2003b) asserted that the partition of nonaudit fees into the categories of audit-related, tax, and other fees would be useful for investors in assessing the auditor's independence and in voting on ratifying the auditor. The SEC suggested that investors would view audit-related and tax services more favorably than “other” nonaudit services. In this paper we test the SEC's assertions by examining shareholder ratification votes, during 2003, at 248 of the S&P 1500 firms. Our results support the SEC's assertion that investors would view audit-related fees differently than the other two types of nonaudit fees. However, contrary to the SEC's assertion, both the tax fee ratio and the other fee ratio have a positive association with the proportion of votes against auditor ratification. The results related to tax fees provide empirical support to the PCAOB's recent initiative to examine the association between tax services and auditor independence. Our results can be useful for client managements and audit committees considering purchases of nonaudit services from auditors. Our findings also suggest that it may be useful to replicate some prior studies (that use a single measure of nonaudit fees) using the newer, more finely partitioned, fee data.

Getting Over Athens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Wiater
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Model ◽  
Dionysius Of Halicarnassus ◽  
The One

This chapter examines the ambivalent image of Classical Athens in Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Roman Antiquities. This image reflects a deep-seated ambiguity of Dionysius’ Classicist ideology: on the one hand, there is no question for Dionysius that Athenocentric Hellenicity failed, and that the Roman empire has superseded Athens’ role once and for all as the political and cultural centre of the oikoumene. On the other, Dionysius accepted Rome’s supremacy as legitimate partly because he believed (and wanted his readers to believe) her to be the legitimate heir of Classical Athens and Classical Athenian civic ideology. As a result, Dionysius develops a new model of Hellenicity for Roman Greeks loyal to the new political and cultural centre of Rome. This new model of Greek identity incorporates and builds on Classical Athenian ideals, institutions, and culture, but also supersedes them.

scholarly journals NHPP Software Reliability Model with Inflection Factor of the Fault Detection Rate Considering the Uncertainty of Software Operating Environments and Predictive Analysis

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song ◽  
Chang ◽  
Pham
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Software Reliability ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reliability Model ◽  
New Model ◽  
Software Failures ◽  
Software Failure ◽  
Software Reliability Model ◽  
Operating Environments

The non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) software has a crucial role in computer systems. Furthermore, the software is used in various environments. It was developed and tested in a controlled environment, while real-world operating environments may be different. Accordingly, the uncertainty of the operating environment must be considered. Moreover, predicting software failures is commonly an important part of study, not only for software developers, but also for companies and research institutes. Software reliability model can measure and predict the number of software failures, software failure intervals, software reliability, and failure rates. In this paper, we propose a new model with an inflection factor of the fault detection rate function, considering the uncertainty of operating environments and analyzing how the predicted value of the proposed new model is different than the other models. We compare the proposed model with several existing NHPP software reliability models using real software failure datasets based on ten criteria. The results show that the proposed new model has significantly better goodness-of-fit and predictability than the other models.

Cycles in symbol production? A new model to explain concentration, diversity and innovation in the music industry

Popular Music ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christianen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Music Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recording Industry ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
New Model ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

With the publication of the article ‘Cycles in symbol production’ (Peterson and Berger 1975) a discussion started concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the production of cultural goods under market conditions. The analysis by Peterson and Berger showed a negative correlation between concentration in the recording industry, on the one hand, and the diversity and innovativeness of the music, on the other. Repetition of the analysis using data from the 1980s (Burnett 1990; Lopes 1992) has shown that for this period Peterson and Berger's hypotheses should be rejected. Is there a connection between concentration and diversity and innovation? Are there cycles in symbol production? There seems to be no conclusive answer. In this article, I will attempt to clear up this matter. First, I will repeat the analysis of the relation between concentration and diversity/innovation, using the same model as Peterson and Berger, but with different definitions for the variables concentration, diversity and innovation. Then I will suggest a new model, which can be helpful in uncovering other factors influencing diversity and innovation in the music industry. I will come to that later. Let me first give the reader a brief overview of previous research.

scholarly journals Filosofía de la responsabilidad social empresarial

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Enterprise Strategy ◽  
Enterprise System ◽  
Present Value ◽  
New Model ◽  
Enterprise Model ◽  
Social Pact ◽  
Model Of Management ◽  
El Sistema

Abstract. The company has prioritized like objective the satisfaction of the owner, by means of the maximization of the present value of the company and the exclusive obtaining of utilities; approach that has left to the margin the other groups that have interest in the company, calls stakeholders: workers, clients, suppliers, community, government, citizenship and environment. The presentsocial problems and the deterioration of the environment, demonstrate the failure of the traditional enterprise model, reason why it sets out to change of approach: an enterprise philosophy of social responsibility that considers the interests of all the participants in the enterprise system, with the identification and practice of basic values and other complementary ones, compatibles with social aims, that are included in the enterprise strategy and its daily actions. This new model of management based on values could be made specific by means of a social pact laid out by the companies, constituting itself in roll of the employers one that would contribute to the solution of many problems of the society.Key words: Aims, company, enterprise social responsibility, philosophy, stakeholders, strategy, valuesResumen. La empresa ha priorizado como objetivo la satisfacción del dueño, mediante la maximización del valor actual de la empresa y la exclusiva obtención de utilidades; paradigma que ha dejado al margen los demás grupos que tienen interés en la empresa, llamados stakeholders: trabajadores, clientes, proveedores, comunidad, gobierno, ciudadanía y medio ambiente. Los problemas sociales actuales y el deterioro del medio ambiente, evidencian elfracaso del modelo tradicional, por lo que se propone cambiar de enfoque: una filosofía empresarial de responsabilidad social que tenga en cuenta los intereses de todos los participantes en el sistema empresarial, con la identificación y práctica de unos valores básicos y otros complementarios, congruentes con unos fines sociales, que se incluyan en la estrategia y en sus acciones cotidianas. Este nuevo modelo de gestión basado en valores se podría concretar mediante un pacto social jalonado por las empresas, constituyéndose en el rol del empresariado que contribuiría a la solución de muchos problemas de la sociedad.Palabras Claves. Accionistas, empresa, estrategia, filosofía, metas, responsabilidad social empresarial, valores

scholarly journals Deferred On-Line Bipartite Matching

10.37236/5756 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Kozik ◽  
Grzegorz Matecki
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ratio ◽  
Bipartite Graphs ◽  
Deterministic Algorithm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bipartite Matching ◽  
Classical Version ◽  
New Model ◽  
On Line

We present a new model for the problem of on-line matching on bipartite graphs. Suppose that one part of a graph is given, but the vertices of the other part are presented in an on-line fashion. In the classical version, each incoming vertex is either irrevocably matched to a vertex from the other part or stays unmatched forever. In our version, an algorithm is allowed to match the new vertex to a group of elements (possibly empty). Later on, the algorithm can decide to remove some vertices from the group and assign them to another (just presented) vertex, with the restriction that each element belongs to at most one group. We present an optimal (deterministic) algorithm for this problem and prove that its competitive ratio equals $1-\pi/\cosh(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\pi)\approx 0.588$.

When Two Groups Hurt Each Other

2020 ◽  
pp. 399-418
Author(s):  
Nurit Shnabel ◽  
Rotem Kahalon ◽  
Johannes Ullrich ◽  
Anna Lisa Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Power

This chapter builds on the needs-based model of reconciliation, which posits victim groups’ primary need for agency and perpetrator groups’ primary need for morality, and examines dual conflicts in which groups are both victims and perpetrators. The authors posit that in such cases, the experience of victimization is more psychologically impactful than the experience of perpetration. They review empirical support for this “primacy of agency” effect, as well as evidence of the effects of interventions that affirm the group’s agency in such contexts. The findings show that agency affirmations increase conciliatory responses toward the other conflict party as well as the willingness to relinquish power and violence for the sake of morality. These effects were found across both higher and lower power groups in the conflicts that were examined.

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