scholarly journals Extending the Choice Architecture Toolbox: The Choice Context Mapping

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandor Hajdu ◽  
Barnabas Szaszi ◽  
Balazs Aczel
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Systematic Mapping ◽  
Choice Context ◽  
Unseen Data ◽  
Choice Setting

The role of context in behavioral interventions is indisputable, yet few intervention studies start with a systematic mapping of the influencing contextual factors. This is mostly due to the lack of a methodology that researchers can employ for this aim. Recognizing this current limitation of the field, we developed a procedure, the Choice Context Mapping, to provide researchers a tool to examine the contextual factors of a targeted behavior. We demonstrate the steps of Choice Context Mapping on the behavioural choice situation of stairs vs. elevator use. Potential contextual factors were collected from laypeople as well as experts, and two surveys were created to measure both the behavior and choice, as well as the beliefs of participants. We estimated the effect of contextual factors on the participants’ behavior and managed to identify the most influential ones regarding their contribution to the studied choice. Using Choice Context Mapping, we obtained an accurate prediction of whether one chooses the stairs or elevator based on contextual information in 93.26% of the cases, on previously unseen data. We also ascertained that participants differed in their beliefs about what influences them in this particular choice, and that they can be divided into different groups based on their beliefs. Our results indicate that Choice Context Mapping is a useful procedure for the collection and assessment of contextual factors in a given choice setting which can help the planning of behavioral interventions by considerably lowering the number of possible interventions that are plausibly effective.

Situational Breakdowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

scholarly journals The Role of High-Resolution Analytical Techniques in the Development of Functional Foods

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3220
Author(s):  
Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa ◽  
Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez ◽  
María De la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea ◽  
Sandra Pimentel-Moral ◽  
Antonio Segura-Carretero
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Bioactive Properties ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
Bioactive Potential ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites

The approaches based on high-resolution analytical techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance or mass spectrometry coupled to chromatographic techniques, have a determining role in several of the stages necessary for the development of functional foods. The analyses of botanical extracts rich in bioactive compounds is one of the fundamental steps in order to identify and quantify their phytochemical composition. However, the compounds characterized in the extracts are not always responsible for the bioactive properties because they generally undergo metabolic reactions before reaching the therapeutic targets. For this reason, analytical techniques are also applied to analyze biological samples to know the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and/or metabolism of the compounds ingested by animal or human models in nutritional intervention studies. In addition, these studies have also been applied to determine changes of endogenous metabolites caused by prolonged intake of compounds with bioactive potential. This review aims to describe the main types and modes of application of high-resolution analytical techniques in all these steps for functional food development.

The Role of Dimensional Distinctiveness in Children's and Adults' Artifact Categorization

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubi Hammer ◽  
Gil Diesendruck
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Functional Similarity ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Functional Dimension

There are conflicting results as to whether preschool children categorize artifacts on the basis of physical or functional similarity. The present study investigated the effect of the relative distinctiveness of these dimensions in children's categorization. In a physical-distinctive condition, preschool children and adults were initially asked to categorize computer-animated artifacts whose physical appearances were more distinctive than their functions. In a function-distinctive condition, the functional dimension of objects was more distinctive than their physical appearances. Both conditions included a second stage of categorization in which both dimensions were equally distinctive. Participants in a control condition performed only this stage of categorization. Adults in all conditions and stages consistently categorized by functional similarity. In contrast, children's categorization was affected by the relative distinctiveness of the dimensions. Children may not have a priori specific beliefs about how to categorize novel artifacts, and thus may be more susceptible to contextual factors.

scholarly journals A critical review on the moderating role of contextual factors in the associations between video gaming and well-being

2021 ◽  
pp. 100135
Author(s):  
Andree Hartanto ◽  
Verity Y.Q. Lua ◽  
Frosch Y.X. Quek ◽  
Jose C. Yong ◽  
Matthew H.S. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Moderating Role

When Feature Information Comes First! Early Processing of Inverted Faces

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5192 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1117-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus-Christian Carbon ◽  
Helmut Leder
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Feature Information ◽  
Short Presentation Time ◽  
Short Presentation

We investigated the early stages of face recognition and the role of featural and holistic face information. We exploited the fact that, on inversion, the alienating disorientation of the eyes and mouth in thatcherised faces is hardly detectable. This effect allows featural and holistic information to be dissociated and was used to test specific face-processing hypotheses. In inverted thatcherised faces, the cardinal features are already correctly oriented, whereas in undistorted faces, the whole Gestalt is coherent but all information is disoriented. Experiment 1 and experiment 3 revealed that, for inverted faces, featural information processing precedes holistic information. Moreover, the processing of contextual information is necessary to process local featural information within a short presentation time (26 ms). Furthermore, for upright faces, holistic information seems to be available faster than for inverted faces (experiment 2). These differences in processing inverted and upright faces presumably cause the differential importance of featural and holistic information for inverted and upright faces.

Pronoun reversals: who, when, and why?

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Dale ◽  
Catherine Crain-Thoreson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Processing Resources ◽  
Unstructured Play

ABSTRACTSeventeen of a sample of 30 precocious talkers aged 1;8 produced at least one pronoun reversal (I/you) during unstructured play. This finding led to an examination of the role of cognitive and linguistic individual differences as well as contextual factors and processing complexity as determinants of pronoun reversal. Contrary to predictions derived from previous hypotheses, there were few differences between reversers and non-reversers, other than higher use of second person forms by reversers. Reversals were more likely to occur in certain contexts: semantically reversible predicates with two noun phrases, and in imitations (though the rate of imitation was lower overall in reversers). We propose that pronoun reversals commonly result from a failure to perform a deictic shift, which is especially likely when children's psycholinguistic processing resources are taxed. Children who did not produce any pronoun reversals tended to avoid pronoun use, especially second person forms. Overt reversal may thus reflect a risk-taking approach to language acquisition, which may be particularly characteristic of precocious children.

The Role of Context in the Perception of Orientation by the Rat

Perception ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry T Jones ◽  
Ravi K Rana ◽  
Brendan O McGonigle
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Ecological Framework ◽  
Linear Pattern

Two experiments are reported which demonstrate the role of contextual factors in the rat's perception of orientation. Designed to eschew criticisms of an earlier study by McGonigle and Jones, the first experiment shows that the rat's perception of linear Gestalten is conditional upon the set of alternative patterns within which the (linear) pattern is embedded. The second experiment shows that the ecological framework of an orientational cue (rather than its position relative to retinocortical coordinates) determines the rat's perception of vertical and horizontal stimuli.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document