scholarly journals Predicting confidence across observers and cognitive domains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Mei ◽  
Dobromir Rahnev ◽  
David Soto
Keyword(s):  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Domain Generality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Perceptual Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Paradigms

Our perceptual system appears hardwired to exploit regularities of input features across space and time in seemingly stable environments. This can lead to serial dependence effects whereby recent perceptual representations bias current perception. Serial dependence has also been demonstrated for more abstract representations such as perceptual confidence. Here we ask whether temporal patterns in the generation of confidence judgments across trials generalize across observers and different cognitive domains. Data from the Confidence Database across perceptual, memory, and cognitive paradigms was re-analyzed. Machine learning classifiers were used to predict the confidence on the current trial based on the history of confidence judgments on the previous trials. Cross-observer and cross-domain decoding results showed that a model trained to predict confidence in the perceptual domain generalized across observers to predict confidence across the different cognitive domains. Intriguingly, these serial dependence effects also generalized across correct and incorrect trials, indicating that serial dependence in confidence generation is uncoupled to metacognition (i.e. how we evaluate the precision of our own behavior). We discuss the ramifications of these findings for the ongoing debate on domain-generality vs. specificity of metacognition.

scholarly journals Perceptual confidence judgments reflect self-consistency

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Baptiste Caziot ◽  
Pascal Mamassian
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Perceptual Confidence ◽  
Self Consistency

The Political History of Megiddo in the Early Iron Age and the Ambiguities of Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Iron Age I ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Developments

Abstract This article reviews the major problems in the political history of Megiddo during the early Iron Age (Iron Age I–IIA), at the time of the early monarchic period in Israel (eleventh–ninth centuries BCE). Megiddo has been central to an ongoing debate over the nature of the early monarchic period in Israel and the exact chronology of the Iron Age I–IIA periods. This importance derives both from the extensive excavations of the relevant strata at Megiddo (VIA, VB and VA-IVB) as well as Megiddo’s appearance in relevant historical sources, namely the Hebrew Bible, which claims that Solomon “built” Megiddo, and its appearance in the campaign list of pharaoh Sheshonq I. Though the fragment of a stela of Sheshonq I was found at Megiddo, it was only found after having been discarded and so its stratigraphic attribution is unclear. Radiocarbon dating from these strata has assisted to some degree but still left dating and historical questions quite open. This article will demonstrate that the political history of Megiddo during the early Iron Age is beset with ambiguities in the evidence, which have been divided into seven ambiguities for the purpose of the discussion here. When these ambiguities are taken into account, it becomes clear that the interpreter has much latitude in making their reconstruction, specifically in how they date strata and associate them with putative historical developments. Different cases can be made for associating particular strata and their termination with Solomon, Sheshonq or even later kings, but none can claim to objectively be the correct or superior reconstruction.

Abstract P350: The Link Between Cognitive Function and Cause-specific Mortality in US Adults

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaz Sedaghat ◽  
Behnam SABAYAN ◽  
Farzaneh A Sorond ◽  
Mercedes R Carnethon
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mortality Table

Introduction: Multiple studies demonstrated an independent and inverse association between cognitive function and mortality but little is known about the cause of death. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that lower cognitive function is related to higher mortality risk and this association is stronger for cardiovascular related deaths. Methods: We included 5569 persons (mean[SE] age 71[0.05], 52% women), from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) with available cognitive function measurements and mortality follow-up. Cognitive domains include orientation, attention, immediate and delayed memory as well as global cognition. We used weighted Cox proportional regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking, history of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Results: During an average follow-up of 12 years, 1887 participants died from cardiovascular causes and 2675 died from non-cardiovascular causes. Each SD lower global cognitive performance (SD=6) was related to a 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.17) higher hazard of all-cause mortality. The associations were more prominent with cardiovascular mortality than with non- cardiovascular mortality (Table). Conclusion: Cognitive impairment in the absence of manifest dementia is an important independent predictor of mortality, in particular from cardiovascular causes.

scholarly journals Screening for Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy: A Review of the Clinical Evidence and Current Guidelines

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donny L. F. Chang ◽  
Elizabeth N. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Maternal Thyroid ◽  
Current Guidelines ◽  
Levothyroxine Treatment ◽  
In Pregnancy

Observational studies have demonstrated that maternal thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity in pregnancy may be associated with adverse obstetric and fetal outcomes. Treatment of overt maternal hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism clearly improves outcomes. To date there is limited evidence that levothyroxine treatment of pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism, isolated hypothyroxinemia, or thyroid autoimmunity is beneficial. Therefore, there is ongoing debate regarding the need for universal screening for thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. Current guidelines differ; some recommend an aggressive case-finding approach, whereas others advocate testing only symptomatic women or those with a personal history of thyroid disease or other associated medical conditions.

scholarly journals Insomnia and Dysautonomia with Contactin-Associated Protein 2 and Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated Protein 1 Antibodies: A “Forme Fruste” of Morvan Syndrome?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Ezgi Bakırcıoğlu-Duman ◽  
Zeynep Acar ◽  
Gülçin Benbir ◽  
Hande Yüceer ◽  
Hürtan Acar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Neurologic Examination ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Needle Electromyography ◽  
Muscle Twitching ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability ◽  
History Of

Morvan syndrome (MoS) is typically characterized by neuromyotonia, sleep dysfunction, dysautonomia, and cognitive dysfunction. However, MoS patients with mild peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) or encephalopathy features have been described. A 46-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of constipation, hyperhidrosis, and insomnia. Neurologic examination revealed muscle twitching and needle electromyography showed myokymic discharges in all limbs. No clinical or electrophysiological features of neuromyotonia were present. Although the patient denied any cognitive symptoms, neuropsychological assessment revealed executive dysfunction, while other cognitive domains were preserved. Cranial and spinal MRIs were unrevealing and tumor investigation proved negative. Polysomnography examination revealed total insomnia, which was partially reversed upon immune-modulatory therapy. Investigation of a broad panel of antibodies revealed serum leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 and contactin-associated protein 2 antibodies. The features of this case indicate that the presentation of PNH syndromes may show significant variability and that MoS patients may not necessarily exhibit full-scale PNH and encephalopathy symptoms.

Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine in Germany: Lessons to be Learned?

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 782-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Diefenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Psychotherapy Training ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
German Society ◽  
Liaison Psychiatry ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Medicine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Consultation Liaison Psychiatry ◽  
International Social

Objective: To describe the reshaping of the German system of psychiatric services in the wake of the international social psychiatric movement and the beginnings of separate consultation–liaison (C-L) psychiatry and C-L psychosomatics services, to outline the differences and similarities of these two disciplines, and to see whether there are lessons to be learned from this unique development that may be relevant to other countries. Method: The author draws on material published in German and international publications, and on his experience as co-chair of the Section of Behavioral Medicine and Consultation Liaison Psychiatry of the German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology. Results: Consultation–liaison psychiatry services are provided in virtually all German general hospitals, mainly by the medical specialty of psychiatry and psychotherapy and to a lesser extent by the specialty of psychosomatics and psychotherapeutic medicine, exclusively so in 5%. The latter specialty includes non-psychiatric physicians. The unique history of combined neurology and psychiatry training until 1992, and of mandated psychotherapy training in both specialties shapes the service provided but also sets up tensions. Conclusions: Lack of empirical evidence prevents objective assessment of the advantages and/or shortcomings of this two-stranded system, but its existence may sharpen the ongoing debate about how C-L services should be structured in other countries.

Cognitive Function in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Impairment and Treatment

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Neuropsychological Dysfunction ◽  
Visuospatial Abilities ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Neurologic Disability ◽  
History Of

Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), with up to 65% of patients exhibiting some type of neuropsychological dysfunction. The cognitive domains most affected by MS are learning and memory, attention, information processing, visuospatial abilities, and executive functioning. It is difficult to detect cognitive dysfunction in patients with MS during routine neurologic examinations because conventional measures of neurologic disability are not sensitive enough to detect cognitive impairment. Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction is only weakly correlated with the type of MS, disease duration, or physical disability. However, brain imaging studies show that a relatively strong correlation exists between cognitive dysfunction and overall lesion burden and brain atrophy in MS. This paper reviews the natural history of cognitive dysfunction, areas of cognition affected, the correlation between MRI measures and cognitive dysfunction, issues related to neuropsychological assessment, and treatment of cognitive impairment with disease-modifying MS drugs.

scholarly journals Retrospective confidence judgments across tasks: domain-general processes underlying metacognitive accuracy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Mazancieux ◽  
Stephen M Fleming ◽  
Céline Souchay ◽  
Chris Moulin
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Domain Generality ◽  
Forced Choice Tasks ◽  
Choice Tasks

Is metacognition a general resource shared across domains? Previous research has documented consistent biases in confidence judgments across tasks. However, the ability to discriminate between correct and incorrect answers (metacognitive sensitivity) is often held to be domain-specific, based on non-significant correlations across domains. Such null findings may be due to low statistical power and differences in task structure or performance, thereby masking a latent domain-generality in metacognition. We examined across-domain correlations in bias and sensitivity in a large sample (N=181). Participants performed four two-alternative-forced-choice tasks (episodic memory, semantic memory, executive function, and visual perception) with trial-by-trial confidence judgments. We found significant correlations between metacognitive biases across tasks. By applying a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate cross-task covariance, we found significant correlations in metacognitive efficiency (meta-d’/d’) across tasks, even for pairs of tasks in which first-order performance was not correlated. This suggests a domain-general resource supporting metacognitive sensitivity in retrospective confidence.

scholarly journals The Influence of Milan on the Development of the Lombard Koiné in Fifteenth-Century Italy: the Letters of Elisabetta of Pavia

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Brown
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Tendency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
The One

The main tendency characterizing the development of language in Lombardy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is the formation of a koiné. The extent to which Milan influenced the Lombard koiné is the subject of ongoing debate. On the one hand, scholars suggest that Milan provided a centralizing force for the “Milanization” of other Lombard vernaculars, similar to what occurred for Piedmont and the Veneto. On the other hand, studies have pointed out that Milan was not a centralizing force for the Lombard koiné and that it remains to be verified whether the prestige of Milanese influenced non-Milanese vernaculars. This paper looks at the extent to which Milan influenced the koiné in fifteenth-century Lombardy. I consider eight linguistic items, previously described as unique to the vernacular of Pavia, to verify their presence or absence in a corpus of religious writings from the fifteenth-century nun Elisabetta of Pavia and whether Milanese items can be identified. I consider aspects of phonology and morphology in Elisabetta’s letters and conclude that her language is best characterized as a pre-koiné. The article concludes by arguing for less emphasis on the role of Milan in histories of the vernacular in Lombardy. This finding has implications for the history of non-literary writing in northern Italy and the importance attributed to capital cities in processes of koineization.

scholarly journals Expression in human and illusory faces (pareidolia) shows cross-domain serial dependence: evidence for common processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1748
Author(s):  
David Alais ◽  
Yiben Xu ◽  
Susan Wardle ◽  
Jessica Taubert
Keyword(s):  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Cross Domain
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