Individual differences in encoded semantic representations- PREPRINT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L Alfred ◽  
Megan E Hillis ◽  
David J. M. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
General Relation ◽  
Semantic Distance ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
Presentation Formats ◽  
Neural Mapping ◽  
Different Content

Semantic concepts relate to each other to varying degrees to form a network of first-order relations, and these first-order relations serve as input into networks of general relation types as well as higher order relations. Previous work has studied the neural mapping of semantic concepts across domains, though much work remains to be done to understand how the localization and structure of those architectures differ depending on various individual differences in attentional bias towards different content presentation formats. Using an item-wise model of semantic distance of first-order relations (word2vec) between stimuli (presented both in word and picture forms), we used representational similarity analysis to identify individual differences in the neural localization of semantic concepts, and how those localization differences can be predicted by individual variance in the degree to which individuals attend to word information instead of pictures. Importantly, there were no reliable representations of this first-order semantic relational network when looking at the full group, and it was only through considering individual differences that a stable localization difference became evident. These results indicate that individual differences in the degree to which a person habitually attends to word information instead of picture information substantially affects the neural localization of first-order semantic representations.

Individual Differences in the Neural Localization of Relational Networks of Semantic Concepts

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Alfred ◽  
Megan E. Hillis ◽  
David J. M. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
General Relation ◽  
Semantic Distance ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Relational Networks ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
Presentation Formats ◽  
Neural Mapping ◽  
Different Content

Semantic concepts relate to each other to varying degrees to form a network of zero-order relations, and these zero-order relations serve as input into networks of general relation types as well as higher order relations. Previous work has studied the neural mapping of semantic concepts across domains, although much work remains to be done to understand how the localization and structure of those architectures differ depending on various individual differences in attentional bias toward different content presentation formats. Using an item-wise model of semantic distance of zero-order relations (Word2vec) between stimuli (presented both in word and picture forms), we used representational similarity analysis to identify individual differences in the neural localization of semantic concepts and how those localization differences can be predicted by individual variance in the degree to which individuals attend to word information instead of pictures. Importantly, there were no reliable representations of this zero-order semantic relational network when looking at the full group, and it was only through considering individual differences that a stable localization difference became evident. These results indicate that individual differences in the degree to which a person habitually attends to word information instead of picture information substantially affects the neural localization of zero-order semantic representations.

Rotational line strengths in 3Δ–3Σ electronic transitions. The Herzberg III system of molecular oxygen

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. L. Kerr ◽  
J. K. G. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Oxygen ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Electronic Transitions ◽  
Rotational Line ◽  
Spin Orbit ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Transition Moments ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Line Strengths

Electronic transitions of the type 3Δ–3Σ are forbidden in the absence of spin–orbit or orbit–rotation coupling, but spin–orbit perturbations produce three transition moments, two perpendicular (Y1 and Y2) and one parallel (Z1) while low-order orbit–rotation couplings introduce three further perpendicular transition moments (X1, X2, and X3). Formulas are presented for the rotational line strengths in a 3Δ(a)–3Σ(int) transition in terms of these parameters and are applied to recent data of Coquart and Ramsay for the Herzberg III system [Formula: see text] of molecular oxygen. It is shown that all six parameters are significant, and that there are noticeable departures from the first-order relations Y1 = Y2, Z1 = 0, X1 = X2 = X3. The observation of orbit–rotation intensity effects led to the first identification of lines of the Ω′ = 3 subbands of the 4–0 to 7–0 bands of the Herzberg III system, which are forbidden for the spin–orbit mechanism. The wave numbers of these lines are in satisfactory agreement with the analysis of the A′3Δu → a1Δg emission by Slanger and Huestis.

scholarly journals What’s Decidable About Program Verification Modulo Axioms?

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umang Mathur ◽  
P. Madhusudan ◽  
Mahesh Viswanathan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Program Verification ◽  
Total Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Verification Problem

Abstract We consider the decidability of the verification problem of programs modulo axioms — automatically verifying whether programs satisfy their assertions, when the function and relation symbols are interpreted as arbitrary functions and relations that satisfy a set of first-order axioms. Though verification of uninterpreted programs (with no axioms) is already undecidable, a recent work introduced a subclass of coherent uninterpreted programs, and showed that they admit decidable verification [26]. We undertake a systematic study of various natural axioms for relations and functions, and study the decidability of the coherent verification problem. Axioms include relations being reflexive, symmetric, transitive, or total order relations, functions restricted to being associative, idempotent or commutative, and combinations of such axioms as well. Our comprehensive results unearth a rich landscape that shows that though several axiom classes admit decidability for coherent programs, coherence is not a panacea as several others continue to be undecidable.

scholarly journals Attention to Configural Information in Change Detection for Faces

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5517 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1353-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone K Favelle ◽  
Darren Burke
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Object Discrimination ◽  
Attentional Allocation ◽  
Facial Region ◽  
First Order ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Basic Level

In recent research the change-detection paradigm has been used along with cueing manipulations to show that more attention is allocated to the upper than lower facial region, and that this attentional allocation is disrupted by inversion. We report two experiments the object of which was to investigate how the type of information changed might be a factor in these findings by explicitly comparing the role of attention in detecting change to information thought to be ‘special’ to faces (second-order relations) with information that is more useful for basic-level object discrimination (first-order relations). Results suggest that attention is automatically directed to second-order relations in upright faces, but not first-order relations, and that this pattern of attentional allocation is similar across features.

The Effects of Individual Differences in Working Memory on Multimedia Learning

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (13) ◽  
pp. 1256-1260
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Batka ◽  
Scott A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Multimedia Presentation ◽  
Instructional Technologies ◽  
Multimedia Design ◽  
Presentation Formats ◽  
Educational Pursuits

With the advance of instructional technologies, multimedia presentation formats have become increasingly common in business, military, and educational pursuits. Previous research has found that the use of certain multimedia design principles may alleviate demands on working memory and thus improve the learning process (Mayer, 2001). Our study examined the utility of three of these principles: the contiguity, redundancy and modality principles (Mayer & Moreno, 2003), in the design of a multimedia presentation explaining the formation of hail. Results indicated that use of the contiguity, redundancy, and modality principles tended to increase learning outcomes for individuals with low working memory capacities but decrease learning outcomes for those with higher working memory capacities. These findings call into question the generality of these design principles, and suggest that multimedia designers should carefully consider the effects of individual differences in the human learner

scholarly journals Sensitivity to First-Order Relations of Facial Elements in Infant Rhesus Macaques

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Paukner ◽  
Seth Bower ◽  
Elizabeth A. Simpson ◽  
Stephen J. Suomi
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Infant Rhesus

Individual Differences in Eye-Movement Patterns

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte Buchsbaum ◽  
Adolf Pfefferbaum ◽  
Richard Stillman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
First Order ◽  
Stable Measures ◽  
Fixation Points ◽  
Transitional Probabilities ◽  
Normal Adults ◽  
Over Time

The reliability of individual differences in patterns of eye fixation during a size-estimation task was studied in normal adults, each tested twice. The most stable measures not specifically related to the stimulus configuration appeared to be the number of fixations per unit time; measures related to dispersal of looking were unreliable. Data on where S looked, the duration of each fixation and the distance between fixation points appeared to follow first-order Markov processes and the transitional probabilities appeared to be individual characteristics stable over time.

scholarly journals Understanding the aging lexicon by linking individuals' experience, semantic networks, and cognitive performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk U. Wulff ◽  
Simon De Deyne ◽  
Samuel Aeschbach ◽  
Rui Mata
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Knowledge Representations ◽  
Concurrent Assessment ◽  
Empirical Approaches ◽  
Size And Structure

People undergo many idiosyncratic experiences throughout their lives that may contribute to individual differences in the size and structure of their knowledge representations. Ultimately, these can have important implications for individuals' cognitive performance. We review evidence that suggests a relationship between individual experiences, the size and structure of semantic representations, as well as individual and age differences in cognitive performance. We conclude that the extent to which experience-dependent changes in semantic representations contribute to individual differences in cognitive aging remains unclear. To help fill this gap, we outline an empirical agenda involving the concurrent assessment of large-scale semantic networks and cognitive performance in younger and older adults, and present preliminary data to establish the feasibility and limitations of such empirical approaches.

scholarly journals Stable Individual Differences in Occasion Setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Glautier ◽  
Ovidiu Brudan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Conditioned Inhibition ◽  
Reversal Training ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Occasion Setting ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Ambiguous Information ◽  
First Order ◽  
Feature Negative

Abstract. In the current investigation, we classified participants as inhibitors or non-inhibitors depending on the extent to which they showed conditioned inhibition in a context that had been used for extinction of a conditioned response. This classification enabled us to predict participant responses in a second experiment which used a different design and a different experimental task. In the second experiment a feature-negative discrimination survived reversal training of the feature to a greater extent in the non-inhibitors than in the inhibitors and this result was supported by Bayesian analyses. We propose that the fundamental distinction between inhibitors and non-inhibitors is based on a tendency to utilize first-order (direct associations) or second-order (occasion-setting) strategies when faced with ambiguous information and that this classification is a stable individual differences attribute.

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