scholarly journals Gaming the system: legally-required loot box probability disclosures in video games in China are implemented sub-optimally

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Y. Xiao ◽  
Laura L. Henderson ◽  
Yuhan Yang ◽  
Philip Warren Stirling Newall
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Disclosure Regulation ◽  
Republic Of China

Paid loot boxes provide randomised rewards in video games; their use is linked to disordered gambling and they are present in approximately half of UK video games. The relative novelty of loot boxes means that regulators and policymakers in various jurisdictions are still deciding how to regulate them. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is the first and only jurisdiction to legally require video game companies to disclose the probabilities of obtaining randomised loot box rewards—an approach that is also favoured by the video games industry as self-regulation. This study is the first to assess loot box prevalence in the PRC and video game companies’ discretionary interpretations of the probability disclosure regulation. Loot boxes were found in 91 of the 100 most-popular PRC iPhone games, and 90.5% of games deemed suitable for children aged 12+ contained loot boxes. For games containing loot boxes, disclosure statements could not be found for 4.4% of games. Loot box probability disclosures were implemented through various means, but only five games used the most prominent disclosure format. Legal regulation and/or self-regulation of loot box probability disclosures should require uniform and prominent disclosures to best help inform consumers.

scholarly journals Gaming the system: suboptimal compliance with loot box probability disclosure regulations in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Leon Y. Xiao ◽  
Laura L. Henderson ◽  
Yuhan Yang ◽  
Philip W. S. Newall
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China

Abstract Loot boxes provide randomized rewards in video games; their purchase is linked to disordered gambling and they are present in approximately half of UK video games. The relative novelty of loot boxes means that regulators and policymakers in various jurisdictions are still deciding how to regulate them. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is the first, and presently only, jurisdiction to legally require companies to disclose the probabilities of obtaining randomized loot box rewards – an approach that is also favored by the industry as self-regulation. This study is the first to assess paid loot box prevalence in the PRC and companies’ discretionary interpretations of probability disclosure regulations. Loot boxes were found in 91 of the 100 highest-grossing PRC iPhone games. Of games deemed suitable for children aged 12+, 90.5% contained loot boxes. Probability disclosures could not be found for 4.4% of games containing loot boxes. Disclosures were implemented through various methods both in-game and on the games’ official websites; however, consistent with the concept of ‘sludge,’ only 5.5% used the most prominent format of automatically displaying the probabilities on the in-game loot box purchase page. Loot box probability disclosures should be uniform and visually prominent to best help inform consumers.

scholarly journals Drafting Video Game Loot Box Regulation for Dummies: A Chinese Lesson

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Y. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Video Game ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Vulnerable Consumers

Loot boxes are virtual items in video games that players purchase to obtain randomised rewards of varying value. Such randomised monetisation methods are prevalently implemented globally. Loot boxes are conceptually and structurally akin to gambling, and their purchase is positively correlated with problem gambling in Western countries. Given the potential harms loot boxes may cause, particularly to vulnerable consumers, e.g., children, regulators and policymakers are paying increasing attention. Some countries, e.g., Belgium, have actively enforced existing gambling laws to ban certain loot box implementations. However, less restrictive regulatory approaches, e.g., requiring probability disclosures, are also being considered. Amendments to existing law and new laws dedicated to regulating loot boxes are likely forthcoming in many countries. Companies’ discretionary and suboptimal compliance with loot box probability disclosure law in the People’s Republic of China reveals how future loot box laws and industry self-regulations should be better drafted to ensure maximum consumer protection.

Ensuring the Rights and Legal Interests of the Victim when Checking the Crime Report: A Comparative Legal Analysis of the Criminal Procedure Codes of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
Irina G. Smirnova ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina V. Alekseeva ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Procedure Codes

The article presents a comparative legal analysis of the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the People’s Republic of China, which regulate the rights and powers of the victim within the framework of the stage of initiating a criminal case. The authors highlight several significant differences in the legal regulation of this issue. The differences are: the obligation to comply with the rules of jurisdiction in China at the stage of filing a statement of a crime, which is not required under the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation; compulsory fingerprinting of a person when filing a crime report with a public security agency implemented in China; the existence of several types of preliminary checks (the list of activities carried out as part of these checks in China is open); intensive development of IT technologies and their introduction into the life of society, including for the fight against crime and ensuring law and order in society, in China.

scholarly journals Social Credit System in the People's Republic of China: normative legal framework and principles of functionality

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Roman Z. Rouvinsky ◽  
Tatiana Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Social Credit ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Social

This article examines the normative legal framework and principles of functionality of the Social Credit System that is currently being implemented in the People's Republic of China. For the first time in legal science, the Social Credit System is viewed not as an organizational and regulatory technique that in one or another way is related to law, but rather as an independent legal institution relevant to the branch of administrative law. The application of formal-legal and comparative-legal methods allows describing the hierarchy of sources of the Chinese law pertaining to social credit mechanisms and procedures, as well as giving characteristics to major provisions of the corresponding normative acts. The peculiarities of legal regulation of the mechanisms and procedures that comprise the Social Credit System in PRC include the following aspects: sublegislative nature of such regulation, prevalence of joint lawmaking, focal role of normative legal acts of the Chinese government, declarative character and ambiguity of multiple legal provisions with regards to the Social Credit System. The author underline the specificity of interpretation of the normative legal acts of the People's Republic of China, usage by the lawmaking branches of moral categories in formulation of provisions for regulation of elaboration and implementation of the social credit mechanisms. The provisions of governmental and departmental normative legal acts pertaining to the Social Credit System are correlated with the provisions of the current Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

Principles Of Law In Modern Criminal Law Of China: Historical And Legal Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
X. Shan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Principle Of Legality

The article looks into the evolution of the concept of “the principles of criminal law” in the legislation of the People’s Republic of China during the second half of the twentieth century. The principles of law are recognized as the normative foundations of law, which determine the general scope, main peculiarities and the most significant features of legal regulation. The article studies a number of definitions offered by some Chinese scientists who dealt with the theoretical and legal problems. The People’s Republic of China was created on October 1, 1949 against the background of destroyed economy, demoralized society, prevailing chaos and the unstructured nature of public authorities. In that period, no codified criminal law was in place. Some criminal acts of that time showed that any fundamental principles were included in the system of criminal legislation either. The first Criminal Code of the People’s Republic of China of 1979 did not mention any principles of law, whereas the Criminal Code of 1997 provided for three fundamental principles, which became the subject of our analysis. These are the principle of legality, also known as the principle of no punishment for doing something that is not prohibited by law (nullum crimen, nullum točka sine lege), the principle of equality of citizens before the law, the principle of conformity of criminal-legal measures to the nature and circumstances of crime. It is these principles that have been reflected in the current criminal code. Despite the amendments of criminal law introduced over the last few decades, the principles of law have remained unchanged. The conclusion to the publication makes a suggestion to introduce the general principle of humanism into in the General Provisions of the Criminal Code of China. The scholar believes that this principle should be recognized as the key principle of the criminal law of China, and will aim to ensure the democratic nature of Chinese criminal law.

The Experience of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
A. K. Rozhkova ◽  
A. B. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article reveals the problem of the correlation of national security, state and security, analyzes the National security Strategies of the Russian Federation in 2015 and 2021. Attention is focused on the absence of a separate strategic planning document on ensuring state security in the Russian Federation, as well as a legal definition of the term «state security». The authors have studied the experience of legal regulation of relations related to ensuring state security in the People's Republic of China: the Law «On State Security» is analyzed from the point of view of its structure and content, the main advantages and disadvantages of this normative act are highlighted. This regulatory legal act traces the consistency and clarity of the wording, indicates the obligation of citizens of the People's Republic of China to ensure state security.

scholarly journals The evolution of the budgetary legislation of China

Pravovedenie ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-569
Author(s):  
Al'bert A. Trofimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Budget System

The article deals with the history of the development of the budget legislation of the People’s Republic of China from its inception to the present day. The author on the basis of the study of domestic and foreign literature of legal, economic, historical nature traces the main trends in the development of legal regulation in this area, defines the features of the budget system of China at different stages of its functioning, the specifics of legal regulation. Much attention of the Chinese legislator remains for such issues as the formation and spending of extrabudgetary funds, the implementation of transfer payments from the Central budget to local budgets, ensuring the openness and transparency of the budget system of China. A special place in this regard is occupied by the formation and improvement of the structure of the budget system of the PRC, consisting of various types of budgets. Until now, many issues remain unresolved, in particular, the legal provision of effective control over the expenditure of public finance, ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of spending, treasury budget execution. The successful nature of China’s economic development in recent decades, as well as the related problems PRC faces, have made it necessary to establish special rules in the Budget law aimed at regulating public debts, primarily by local governments, rules for public procurement, specific offences and measures of legal responsibility for violation of the relevant statutes. The distinctive features of the budget legal regulation of the People’s Republic of China is that there is no budget code; there is the predominant share of by-laws adopted by the Central and local governments, ministries, departments; there are lot of pilot projects before the introduction of new norms in the territory of the whole state. The article is accompanied by a translation from Chinese into Russian of the text of the current Budget Law of the People’s Republic of China.

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF VAT IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (ADOPTION OF TAX LEGISLATION AND REDUCTION OF THE TAX BURDEN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
Dmitry G. BACHURIN
Keyword(s):  
Level Structure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Wide Range

The article is devoted to the legal aspects of improving VAT in the People’s Republic of China. In fact, this is the first attempt to comprehensively study the VAT law, which has passed a nationwide discussion and is awaiting adoption by the highest government body of the PRC. Changes in national taxation models in the face of increasing turbulence in the global economy highlight the topic of this work, since taking into account the main trends in the legal regulation of value added taxation of the world’s largest VAT economy is important for understanding the possibilities for developing such a system in the Russian Federation. The subject of research is the transformation of regulatory legal regulation of taxation in the PRC on the basis of progressive improvement of tax legislation. As the immediate practical tasks to be solved by the country’s leadership in this sphere of public relations, the reduction of the tax burden of the economy and the re-registration of tax law institutions were noted. The research methodology is based on the use of system analysis and dialectic techniques. The studied financial and legal object is considered as a structurally designed description of a complex dynamic system in its movement and development. In the framework of comparative law, an attempt was made to identify the basic laws of the legal evolution of the normative regulation of VAT. Attention is drawn to the fact that the main characteristics of the new Chinese VAT correspond to the system of conceptual principles put forward by the OECD, among which the leading role is played by the principle of neutrality of this type of taxation. In the final part of the work, conclusions are drawn that the proposed tax law of the PRC has a two-level structure, including a wide range of reference norms and by-laws. At the same time, comprehensive measures undertaken by the leadership of the People’s Republic of China in the field of legal regulation of VAT strengthen the country’s socio-economic development opportunities, stimulating entrepreneurs to expand their production.

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