Associations Between 11 Parental Discipline Behaviors and Child Outcomes Across 60 Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin P. Ward ◽  
Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽  
Julie Ma ◽  
Garrett Todd Pace ◽  
Shawna J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Peer Relations ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Parental Discipline ◽  
Verbal Reasoning ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Child Aggression ◽  
Middle Income

Objective: To test associations between 11 parental discipline behaviors and child aggression, distraction, and prosocial peer relations across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Study Design: Data came from the fourth (2009-2013) and fifth (2012-2017) rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Survey responses publicly available as of July 2020 were included. Data were restricted to household respondents with focal children under 5 years. The final analytic sample included 163,345 respondents across 60 LMICs. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression. Results: Verbal reasoning (80%) and shouting (66%) were the most common parental discipline behaviors toward young children. Psychological and physical aggression were associated with higher child aggression and distraction. Verbal reasoning was associated with lower aggression (OR = 0.92, 95% CI [0.86, 0.99]) and higher prosocial peer relations (OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.20, 1.42]). Taking away privileges was associated with higher distraction (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.03, 1.15] and lower prosocial peer relations (OR = 0.92, 95% CI [0.87, 0.98]). Giving the child something else to do was associated with higher distraction (OR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.01, 1.12]. Random slopes suggested statistically credible cultural variation in the associations between parenting behaviors and child socio-emotional outcomes.Conclusions: Psychological and physical aggression were disadvantageous for children’s socio-emotional development across countries. Only verbal reasoning was associated with positive child socio-emotional development. Greater emphasis should be dedicated to reducing parental use of psychological and physical aggression across cultural contexts.

scholarly journals Impact of Dietary Interventions during Pregnancy on Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Zohra S Lassi ◽  
Zahra A Padhani ◽  
Amna Rabbani ◽  
Fahad Rind ◽  
Rehana A. Salam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Optimal nutrition plays a crucial role in pregnancy. Maternal malnutrition is a risk factor for maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications and is more prevalent in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review aims to study the effectiveness of antenatal macronutrient nutritional interventions on maternal, neonatal, and child outcomes. We searched the CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, and other databases for randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs on healthy pregnant women in LMICs. We also searched grey literature and reports from Google Scholar, Web of Science, and websites of different organizations. Title/abstract screening, full-text screening, and data extraction filtered 15 studies for inclusion. Balanced energy protein (BEP) supplementation (n = 8) studies showed a reduced incidence of perinatal mortality, stillbirths, low birth weight (LBW) infants, small for gestational age (SGA) babies and increased birth weight. Food distribution programs (FDPs) (n =5) witnessed reduced rates of SGA, stunting, wasting, and increased birth weight and birth length. Studies on intervention for obesity prevention (n = 2) showed reductions in birth weight. Other findings were statistically insignificant. Subgroup analyses were conducted to study the effectiveness of supplementation between regions, location, the timing of supplementation and nutritional status; however, there were a limited number of studies in each subgroup. Data from our review supports the antenatal supplementation of BEP and FDP for the prevention of adverse maternal, neonatal, and child outcomes that can be utilized for future policymaking. However, more research is required before recommending obesity prevention programs.

Relational and Physical Aggression, Prosocial Behavior, and Peer Relations

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck ◽  
Tasha C. Geiger ◽  
Nicki R. Crick
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Peer Relations ◽  
Physical Aggression

Corporal Punishment and Child Aggression: Ethnic-Level Family Cohesion as a Moderator

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 2687-2710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoona Lee ◽  
Malcolm W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Child Aggression ◽  
The Mean

Ethnicity has been examined as a putative moderator between parents’ use of corporal punishment and children’s externalizing behaviors. Yet, the reasons for this potential ethnic-level moderator have not been fully examined. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether the effect of corporal punishment on aggression is ethnic-specific using major racial groups inside and outside the U.S. samples and how the mean levels of cohesion in family relationships as found in different ethnic groups moderate the association between mothers’ use of corporal punishment and children’s aggression. A total of 729 mothers who had children aged 7 to 13 years were sampled from five ethnic groups (i.e., European American, African American, Hispanic American, Korean, and Chinese). Several hypotheses were tested to examine the moderating effect of ethnic-level, family cohesion on the relation of corporal punishment to children’s aggression. As expected, the mean level of family cohesion was significantly different across ethnicities. Consistent results across parallel multilevel and fixed effect models showed that high corporal punishment was associated with more aggression in all ethnicities, but there was a significant variation in the association across ethnicities, and the variation was explained by ethnic-level family cohesion. There were weaker associations between corporal punishment and child aggression among ethnic groups with high family cohesion and stronger associations among ethnic groups with low family cohesion. Ethnic/cultural variation in this study emphasizes the importance of understanding family environment of diverse ethnic groups when evaluating the influence of corporal punishment on child behavior in different ethnic/cultural contexts.

Developmental multi-trajectory of irritability, anxiety, and hyperactivity as psychological markers of heterogeneity in childhood aggression

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules R. Dugré ◽  
Stéphane Potvin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Childhood Aggression ◽  
Growth Mixture Model ◽  
Child Aggression ◽  
Early Risk ◽  
Early Risk Factors

Abstract Background A growing body of evidence suggests that child aggression is likely to be driven by multiple developmental pathways. However, little is known about the complex interactions between developmental trajectories of child psychological factors (such as anxiety, irritability, and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions) and their associations with aggression from childhood to adolescence. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify clusters of individuals with different developmental multi-trajectory, investigate their early risk factors, and describe their longitudinal associations with physical aggression. Method The sample comprised 4898 children derived from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. A parallel process growth mixture model was used to identify developmental multi-trajectory groups at 5, 9 and 15 years old. Associations between multi-trajectory group membership and physical aggression were examined with Generalized Estimating Equations models. Finally, multinomial logistic regression was performed to assess perinatal and early risk factors for multi-trajectory groups. Results Multi-trajectory groups differed in the magnitude of risk for exhibiting physical aggression, compared to typically developing children. The risk for physical aggression was the most prominent in children who were hyperactive/impulsive and irritable [odds ratio (OR) 6.47; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.44–7.70] and hyperactive/impulsive, irritable, and anxious (OR 7.68; CI 6.62–8.91). Furthermore, maternal cigarette and alcohol use during pregnancy and maternal depression consistently predicted multi-trajectory groups characterized by problematic levels of at least two co-occurrent psychological symptoms. Conclusions Identified combinations of developmental trajectories of psychological characteristics were associated with different magnitude in risk for exhibiting physical aggression. These results may highlight the heterogeneity of developmental trajectories associated with childhood aggression.

Socio-Emotional Development in Latin America: Family and Peer relations

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ellyn Charlotte Bass ◽  
Lina María Saldarriaga ◽  
Jonathan Bruce Santo
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Peer Relations ◽  
Emotional Development

scholarly journals Measuring the Quality of Early Childhood Education in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si Chen ◽  
Sharon Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
High Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Young children’s access to early childhood education (ECE) is increasing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), though often without attention to service quality. Monitoring quality requires classroom observations, but most observation tools available were developed in high-income western countries. In this article, we examine key issues in measuring ECE quality in LMICs and consider challenges and opportunities in balancing theoretical grounding, cultural- and contextual-adaptation, and empirical rigor. We then review the literature on observed classroom quality in LMICs, focusing on process quality. We find limited evidence that the constructs identified in high-income countries replicate in LMICs. Further, the very limited evidence that ECE quality measures used in LMICs predict child outcomes is almost exclusively cross-sectional and associations are mixed. We conclude by discussing how future research can build a stronger knowledge base about ECE quality and child development globally.

scholarly journals Exploring HIV-Related Stigma and Discrimination at the Workplace in Southwestern Uganda: Challenges and Solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Benedict Twinomugisha ◽  
Fungisai Gwanzura Ottemöller ◽  
Marguerite Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Hiv Stigma ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Staff Turnover ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Related Stigma ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
Health Promotion Interventions ◽  
Hiv Aids

Globally, the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to have an enormous impact on affected societies. Despite several health promotion interventions being carried out, HIV/AIDS remains a major cause of deaths in low and middle income countries. At the workplace, the pandemic has brought about reduction in productivity, increased staff turnover, increased production costs, high levels of stigma, etc. HIV stigma is one of the main reasons why the pandemic has continued to devastate a number of societies around the world. HIV stigma presents barriers to HIV prevention in different settings including the workplace. Unlike large enterprises, small-scale enterprises have received less attention in the fight against HIV/AIDS. This study’s purpose was to explore how employers and employees can overcome challenges of HIV-related stigma at the workplace. This study employed a qualitative case study design. Data were collected from eighteen participants in three small-scale enterprises in Kabale. Findings indicate that small-scale enterprises are faced with the fear of HIV testing, status disclosure, staff turnover, suicidal thoughts, gossip, etc. Implementing operative national HIV workplace policies may enable small-scale enterprises to overcome challenges of HIV-related stigma at the workplace.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document